基于深度学习识别姑息治疗患者

“Hiring a Machine Learning engineer or Data Scientist in Silicon Valley is becoming like hiring a professional athlete. That’s how demanding it is” 

— The New York Times

姑息治疗（Palliative Care ，在日本、中国台湾翻译为舒缓医学）起源于 hospice运动，最早起源于公元四世纪。根据世界卫生组织的定义，姑息治疗强调控制疼痛及患者有关症状，并对心理、社会和精神问题予以重视，目的是为病人和家属赢得最好的生活质量。

Stanford ML Group 建立了一个使用深度学习算法的程序，根据电子健康记录（Electronic Health Record ，EHR，包括病历、心电图、医疗影像等信息）数据确定在未来3-12个月高风险死亡的住院患者。这些病人的预警信息将发送给姑息治疗小组，这有助于姑息护理小组尽早介入、提供服务。

预测模型是一个 18 层的深度神经网络，输入参数为一个病人的 EHR 数据，输出为未来 3-12 个月死亡的概率。训练数据采用斯坦福医院 EHR 数据库中的历史数据，包含超过 200 万名患者的数据。EHR 数据包括患者过去 12 个月的诊断结论、治疗程序、处方和相关细节（经过脱敏和技术处理，以替代码的形式表示），所有数据被转换成 13654 维的特征向量。训练好的模型 AUROC 评分达到 0.93 ，交叉验证的平均精度为0.69 分。

对于机器学习系统来说，使用户可以根据预测结果采取行动，需要提供预测结果的详细解释，这点对于建立用户信心至关重要。Stanford 的程序可以自动生成一个报告，在病人的 EHR 数据中高亮突出对于预测结果具有重要影响因子的条目。

Mybridge AI 在 20000 篇关于创建机器学习应用的文章中挑选了前 50 名。从有实践经验的数据科学家那里学习是一个好方法，我们可以的分享中获得构建、运营机器学习应用的经验教训。50 篇文章大致可以分为 15 个主题，如下所示：

图像处理 Image Manipulation

High-Resolution Image Synthesis and Semantic Manipulation with Conditional GANs

Using Deep Learning to Create Professional-Level Photographs

High Dynamic Range (HDR) Imaging using OpenCV (Python)

风格转换 Style Transfer

Visual Attribute Transfer through Deep Image Analogy

Deep Photo Style Transfer: A deep-learning approach to photographic style transfer that handles a large variety of image content while faithfully transferring the reference style

Deep Image Prior

图像分类 Image Classification

Feature Visualization: How neural networks build up their understanding of images

An absolute beginner’s guide to Image Classification with Neural Networks

Background removal with deep learning

人脸识别 Face Recognition

Large Pose 3D Face Reconstruction from a Single Image via Direct Volumetric CNN Regression

Eye blink detection with OpenCV, Python, and dlib

DEAL WITH IT in Python with Face Detection

视频稳定化 Video Stabilization

Fused Video Stabilization on the Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL

目标检测 Object Detection

How HBO’s Silicon Valley built “Not Hotdog” with mobile TensorFlow, Keras & React Native

Object detection: an overview in the age of Deep Learning

How to train your own Object Detector with TensorFlow’s Object Detector API

Real-time object detection with deep learning and OpenCV

自动驾驶汽车 Self Driving Car

Self-driving Grand Theft Auto V with Python : Intro [Part I] - Sentdex

Recognizing Traffic Lights With Deep Learning: How I learned deep learning in 10 weeks and won $5,000

智能推荐 Recommendation AI

Spotify’s Discover Weekly: How machine learning finds your new music

Artwork Personalization at Netflix

智能游戏 Gaming AI

MariFlow - Self-Driving Mario Kart w/Recurrent Neural Network

OpenAI Baselines: DQN. Reproduce reinforcement learning algorithms with performance on par with published results.

Reinforcement Learning on Dota 2 [Part II]

Creating an AI DOOM bot

Phase-Functioned Neural Networks for Character Control

The Game Imitation: Deep Supervised Convolutional Networks for Quick Video Game AI - Stanford University

Introducing: Unity Machine Learning Agents – Unity Blog

智能下棋 Chess AI

Mastering Chess and Shogi by Self-Play with a General Reinforcement Learning Algorithm

AlphaGo Zero: Learning from scratch DeepMind

How Does DeepMind’s AlphaGo Zero Work?

A step-by-step guide to building a simple chess AI

智能医学 Medical AI

CheXNet: Radiologist-Level Pneumonia Detection on Chest X-Rays with Deep Learning

Can you improve lung cancer detection? 2nd place solution for the Data Science Bowl 2017.

Improving Palliative Care with Deep Learning - Andrew Ng

Heart Disease Diagnosis with Deep Learning

智能演说 Speech AI

Tacotron: A Fully End-to-End Text-To-Speech Synthesis Model - Data Scientists at Google

Sequence Modeling with CTC

Deep Voice: Real-time Neural Text-to-Speech - Baidu Silicon Valley AI Lab

Deep Learning for Siri’s Voice: On-device Deep Mixture Density Networks for Hybrid Unit Selection Synthesis - Apple

智能音乐 Music AI

Computer evolves to generate baroque music!

Make your own music with WaveNets: Making a Neural Synthesizer Instrument

自然语言处理 Natural Language Processing

Learning to communicate: Agents developing their own language - OpenAI Research

Big Picture Machine Learning: Classifying Text with Neural Networks and TensorFlow

A novel approach to neural machine translation - Facebook AI Research

How to make a racist AI without really trying

预测 Prediction

Using Machine Learning to Predict Value of Homes On Airbnb

Engineering Uncertainty Estimation in Neural Networks for Time Series Prediction at Uber

Using Machine Learning to make parking easier

How to Predict Stock Prices Easily - Intro to Deep Learning #7

Topic: Machine Learning