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python开发_function annotations

Hongten

发布于 2018-09-13 05:49:51

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在看python的API的时候，发现了一个有趣的东东，即：python的方法(函数)注解(Function Annotation)

原文：

Function annotations are completely optional, arbitrary metadata information about user-defined functions. Neither Python itself nor the standard library use function annotations in any way; this section just shows the syntax. Third-party projects are free to use function annotations for documentation, type checking, and other uses.

Annotations are stored in the __annotations__ attribute of the function as a dictionary and have no effect on any other part of the function. Parameter annotations are defined by a colon after the parameter name, followed by an expression evaluating to the value of the annotation. Return annotations are defined by a literal ->, followed by an expression, between the parameter list and the colon denoting the end of the def statement. The following example has a positional argument, a keyword argument, and the return value annotated with nonsense:
>>> def f(ham: 42, eggs: int = 'spam') -> "Nothing to see here":
...     print("Annotations:", f.__annotations__)
...     print("Arguments:", ham, eggs)
...
>>> f('wonderful')
Annotations: {'eggs': <class 'int'>, 'return': 'Nothing to see here', 'ham': 42}
Arguments: wonderful spam

初略的看了一下，没有理解其参数的涵义，就照着写了一遍程序：

1 def f(ham: 42, eggs: int = 'spam') -> 'Nothing to see here':
2     print('Annotations:', f.__annotations__)
3     print('Arguments:', ham, eggs)
4 
5 f('wonderful')

运行效果：

Python 3.3.2 (v3.3.2:d047928ae3f6, May 16 2013, 00:03:43) [MSC v.1600 32 bit (Intel)] on win32
Type "copyright", "credits" or "license()" for more information.
>>> ================================ RESTART ================================
>>> 
Annotations: {'eggs': <class 'int'>, 'ham': 42, 'return': 'Nothing to see here'}
Arguments: wonderful spam
>>>

运行效果和python的API中描述的一样。

搜索了一些资料发现了参数的涵义：

我们先来看看几个demo：

ONE : 这里给ham赋一个初始值'Hongten'

1 #这里给ham赋一个初始值'Hongten'
2 def f(ham: 42 = 'Hongten', eggs: int = 'spam') -> 'Nothing to see here':
3     print('Annotations:', f.__annotations__)
4     print('Arguments:', ham, eggs)
5 
6 f()

运行效果：

Python 3.3.2 (v3.3.2:d047928ae3f6, May 16 2013, 00:03:43) [MSC v.1600 32 bit (Intel)] on win32
Type "copyright", "credits" or "license()" for more information.
>>> ================================ RESTART ================================
>>> 
Annotations: {'eggs': <class 'int'>, 'ham': 42, 'return': 'Nothing to see here'}
Arguments: Hongten spam
>>>

//TWO :  这里把42变为：'这里是ham的注释'

1 #这里把42变为：'这里是ham的注释'
2 def f(ham: '这里是ham的注释' = 'Hongten', eggs: int = 'spam') -> 'Nothing to see here':
3     print('Annotations:', f.__annotations__)
4     print('Arguments:', ham, eggs)
5 
6 f()

运行效果：

Python 3.3.2 (v3.3.2:d047928ae3f6, May 16 2013, 00:03:43) [MSC v.1600 32 bit (Intel)] on win32
Type "copyright", "credits" or "license()" for more information.
>>> ================================ RESTART ================================
>>> 
Annotations: {'eggs': <class 'int'>, 'return': 'Nothing to see here', 'ham': '这里是ham的注释'}
Arguments: Hongten spam
>>>

//THREE :  这里把int变为str

1 #这里把int变为str
2 def f(ham: '这里是ham的注释' = 'Hongten', eggs: str = 'spam') -> 'Nothing to see here':
3     print('Annotations:', f.__annotations__)
4     print('Arguments:', ham, eggs)
5 
6 f()

运行效果：

Python 3.3.2 (v3.3.2:d047928ae3f6, May 16 2013, 00:03:43) [MSC v.1600 32 bit (Intel)] on win32
Type "copyright", "credits" or "license()" for more information.
>>> ================================ RESTART ================================
>>> 
Annotations: {'eggs': <class 'str'>, 'ham': '这里是ham的注释', 'return': 'Nothing to see here'}
Arguments: Hongten spam
>>>

//FOUR :  看看一段java函数代码

  /**
     * 判断一个字符串是否全为字母,此方法比上面的isAllChar方法效率要高，但是需要的是str中包含非字母字符在靠前面
     * 如："a2bcd",对于这个字符串，到字符"2"的时候就会终止判断
     * 
     * @param str
     *            所需判断的字符串
     * @return str中是否全为字母字符
     */
    public static boolean isAllChars(String str) {
        if (str == null || str.equals("")) {
            return false;
        }
        boolean flag = true;
        for (int i = 0; i < str.length(); i++) {
            if ((str.charAt(i) < 'a' || str.charAt(i) > 'z')
                    && (str.charAt(i) < 'A' || str.charAt(i) > 'Z')) {
                flag = false;
                break;
            }
        }
        return flag;
    }

到这里你大概知道我想说什么了吧！

总结：

def f(ham: 42, eggs: int = 'spam') -> "Nothing to see here":
    print("Annotations:", f.__annotations__)
    print("Arguments:", ham, eggs)

#def关键字定义了函数f，在函数f中有两个参数：ham，eggs。
#其中ham没有默认值，而eggs是由默认值的，其默认值为'spam'.
#参数ham的注释部分为：42；参数eggs的注释部分为：int
# "Nothing to see here"是返回值的注释，这个必须用 '->'连接

#看了java代码后，你会有更直观的认识，注释嘛，你可以根据你自己的想法，想怎么写就怎么写，如42，int；不过不好的注释有时候会给别人阅读代码带来很大的麻烦

#如果上面的代码是这样写：
def f(ham: int = 42, eggs: str = 'spam') -> 'Nothing to see here':
    print("Annotations:", f.__annotations__)
    print("Arguments:", ham, eggs)

#我想很多人阅读代码的时候就很容易理解啦 
#上面只是个人观点，如果不正确的地方，还请大家指正 #同时也希望大家相互学习：hongtenzone@foxmail.com