// Express.js示例
app.use((err, req, res, next) => {
  console.error(err.stack);
  
  const statusCode = err.statusCode || 500;
  const message = statusCode === 500 ? 'Internal Server Error' : err.message;
  
  res.status(statusCode).json({
    error: {
      status: statusCode,
      message: message,
      timestamp: new Date().toISOString(),
      path: req.path
    }
  });
});

# Python Flask示例
class APIError(Exception):
    def __init__(self, message, status_code=400, payload=None):
        super().__init__()
        self.message = message
        self.status_code = status_code
        self.payload = payload

    def to_dict(self):
        rv = dict(self.payload or ())
        rv['message'] = self.message
        rv['status_code'] = self.status_code
        return rv

@app.errorhandler(APIError)
def handle_api_error(error):
    response = jsonify(error.to_dict())
    response.status_code = error.status_code
    return response

// Spring Boot示例
@PostMapping("/users")
public ResponseEntity<User> createUser(@Valid @RequestBody User user) {
    // 如果输入验证失败会自动抛出MethodArgumentNotValidException
    return ResponseEntity.ok(userService.create(user));
}

@ExceptionHandler(MethodArgumentNotValidException.class)
public ResponseEntity<ErrorResponse> handleValidationExceptions(MethodArgumentNotValidException ex) {
    List<String> errors = ex.getBindingResult()
        .getFieldErrors()
        .stream()
        .map(FieldError::getDefaultMessage)
        .collect(Collectors.toList());
    
    return ResponseEntity.badRequest().body(new ErrorResponse("Validation failed", errors));
}