在不超过10000个参数的情况下，MNIST的验证准确率达到99%

import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow.keras import layers, models

# 构建CNN模型
model = models.Sequential([
    layers.Conv2D(32, (3, 3), activation='relu', input_shape=(28, 28, 1)),
    layers.MaxPooling2D((2, 2)),
    layers.Conv2D(64, (3, 3), activation='relu'),
    layers.MaxPooling2D((2, 2)),
    layers.Conv2D(64, (3, 3), activation='relu'),
    layers.Flatten(),
    layers.Dense(64, activation='relu'),
    layers.Dense(10, activation='softmax')
])

# 编译模型
model.compile(optimizer='adam',
              loss='sparse_categorical_crossentropy',
              metrics=['accuracy'])

# 加载MNIST数据集
mnist = tf.keras.datasets.mnist
(x_train, y_train), (x_test, y_test) = mnist.load_data()
x_train, x_test = x_train / 255.0, x_test / 255.0
x_train = x_train[..., tf.newaxis]
x_test = x_test[..., tf.newaxis]

# 训练模型
model.fit(x_train, y_train, epochs=5, validation_split=0.1)

# 评估模型
test_loss, test_acc = model.evaluate(x_test, y_test, verbose=2)
print('\nTest accuracy:', test_acc)

from tensorflow.keras.preprocessing.image import ImageDataGenerator

datagen = ImageDataGenerator(
    rotation_range=10,
    width_shift_range=0.1,
    height_shift_range=0.1,
    shear_range=0.1,
    zoom_range=0.1,
    fill_mode='nearest')

datagen.fit(x_train)
model.fit(datagen.flow(x_train, y_train, batch_size=32), epochs=5, validation_split=0.1)