以往的Python文章总结

https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-343/

bingo = '天钧好帅'
name = input("请输入天钧最想听的一句话")
while True:
    if name == bingo:
        break
    name = input("请重新输入天钧最想听的一句话")
print("卧槽，牛逼啊小伙子，猜对了")

while 循环条件：
    循环体

for  目标 in  表达式:
    循环体

munber = [1,23,4]
for i in munber:
    print(i,end=" ")

for i in range(1,33,4):
  print(i)

for i in range(5)
print(i)

for i in range(1,33):
  print(i)

for i in range(1,33,4):
  print(i)

i = 0
while i < 10:
    if (i == 8):
        print("运行到8就跳出了哦")
        break
    print(i)
    i = i + 1

>>> number = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]
>>> number
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]

>>> number = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]
>>> number
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
>>> number.append(0)
>>> number
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 0]

>>> number.append(1,2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: append() takes exactly one argument (2 given)
>>>

>>> number.extend([1,2])
>>> number
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 1, 2]

number = [1,2,3,4]
extend的列表 = [5,6,7,8]
拼接给number
number = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]

>>> number
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 1, 2]
>>> number.insert(2,3)
>>> number
[1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 1, 2]

>>> name = ['天钧','老五','乌木','老三']
>>> name
['天钧', '老五', '乌木', '老三']
>>> name[0]
'天钧'
>>> name[2]
'乌木'

>>> name.pop()
'老三'
>>> name
['天钧', '老五', '乌木']

>>> name
['天钧', '老五', '乌木']
>>> name.pop(1)
'老五'
>>> name
['天钧', '乌木']

>>> del number
>>> number
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'number' is not defined

>>> del name[1]
>>> name
['天钧']

>>> name.extend(['wocao',666,'好强'])
>>> name
['天钧', 'wocao', 666, '好强']
>>> name.remove(666)
>>> name
['天钧', 'wocao', '好强']

>>> name
['天钧', 'wocao', '好强']
>>> name[1:2]
['wocao']
>>> name[0:2]
['天钧', 'wocao']

>>> name[0:2]
['天钧', 'wocao']
>>> name[:2]
['天钧', 'wocao']

>>> name[:2]
['天钧', 'wocao']
>>> name[1:]
['wocao', '好强']
>>> name[:]
['天钧', 'wocao', '好强']
>>> name
['天钧', 'wocao', '好强']

>>> number = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]          ps;我又回来了
>>> number
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
>>> number[0:2:2]
[1]
>>> number[0:7:2]
[1, 3, 5, 7]

>>> number
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
>>> number.append(0)
>>> number[0:10:2]
[1, 3, 5, 7, 9]

>>> list1 = [123]
>>> list2 = [456]
>>> list1 < list2
True
>>> list1 > list2
False

>>> list1.append(456)
>>> list2.append(123)
>>> list1
[123, 456]
>>> list2
[456, 123]
>>> list1>list2
False
>>> list1 < list2
True

拼接玩法
>>> char1 = ['wocao']
>>> scring = ['666']
>>> char1 + scring
['wocao', '666']

>>> scring * 3
['666', '666', '666']

>>> name
['天钧', 'wocao', '好强']
>>> 'wocao'in name
True
>>> 'wocao' not in name
False

>>> name.index('wocao')
1

>>> number
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0]
>>> number.extend([1,2,1,1,1,2])
>>> number
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 2]
>>> number.count(1)
5

>>> number
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 2]
>>> number.reverse()
>>> number
[2, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 0, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]

>>> number
[2, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 0, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
>>> number.sort()
>>> number
[0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
>>> number.reverse()
>>> number
[9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0]

>>> apple = [1,2,3,4,5,6]
>>> banana = apple[:]
>>> banana
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
>>> monkey = apple
>>> monkey
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

>>> apple.reverse()
>>> apple
[6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
>>> banana
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
>>> monkey
[6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]

>>> tuple = (1,2,3,4,5,6,7) #元组
>>> number = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7] #列表
>>> tuple
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)
>>> number
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]

>>> tuple
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)
>>> tuple[1]
2

>>> tuple[:]
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)
>>> tuple[1:5]
(2, 3, 4, 5)
>>> tuple[1:]
(2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)

>>> apple = (1)
>>> apple
1
>>> type(apple)
<class 'int'>
>>> banana = (1,2,3,3)
>>> banana
(1, 2, 3, 3)
>>> type(banana)
<class 'tuple'>

>>> apple = 1,2,3,4
>>> apple
(1, 2, 3, 4)
>>> type(apple)
<class 'tuple'>
>>> banana = (1,2,3,4,5)
>>> banana
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
>>> type(banana)
<class 'tuple'>

>>> 8 * (2)
16
>>> 8 * (2,)
(2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2)

>>> temp = temp[:3] + ('傻子',) + temp[3:]
>>> temp
('天钧', '老五', '老留', '傻子', '乌木')

>>> temp = temp[:3] + ('傻子') + temp[3:]
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: can only concatenate tuple (not "str") to tuple

>>> temp
('天钧', '老五', '老留', '傻子', '乌木')
>>> temp = temp[:2] + temp[3:]
>>> temp
('天钧', '老五', '傻子', '乌木')

>>> char = ("contont")
>>> str1 = ('1234567')
>>> char
'contont'
>>> str1
'1234567

>>> str1
'1234567'
>>> str1[:3] + ("wo") + str1[3:]
'123wo4567'
>>> str1
'1234567'

>>> str1 = str1[:3] + ("wo") + str1[3:]
>>> str1
'123wo4567'

>>> "{0} like {1}.{2}".format("I","variey","com")
'I like variey.com'

>>> "{a} like {b}.{c}".format(a = "I",b = "variey",c = "com")
'I like variey.com'
>>> "{0} like {1}.{2}".format("I","variey","com")
'I like variey.com'

>>> "{a} like {b}.{0}".format(a = "I",b = "variey","com")
  File "<stdin>", line 1
SyntaxError: non-keyword arg after keyword arg

回溯(最近一次调用last):
>>> "{a} like {b}.{0}"。格式(a = "I"，b = "variey"，"com")
文件“<stdin>”，第1行
SyntaxError:关键字arg之后的非关键字arg

>>> "{0} like {a}.{b}".format("i",a = "I",b = "variey")
'i like I.variey'

>>> '%c' % 97
'a'
>>> '%c %c %c %c %c %c %c' % (118 ,97 ,114 ,105 ,101 ,116 ,121)
'v a r i e t y'
ASCII在线转换；https://www.mokuge.com/tool/asciito16/

>>> a = list((1,2,3,4,5,6))
>>> a
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
>>> b = list('shazi')
>>> b
['s', 'h', 'a', 'z', 'i']

>>> b = list('shazi')
>>> b
['s', 'h', 'a', 'z', 'i']
>>> c = tuple("wocao")
>>> c
('w', 'o', 'c', 'a', 'o')

>>> a = str(1)
>>> tuple(a)
('1',)
>>> type(a)
<class 'str'>

>>> number = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]
>>> len(number)
9
>>> list1 = "this is python"
>>> len(list1)
14

>>> list2 = [1,2,3,4,45,6,756,22]
>>> max(list2)
756
>>> list3 = "wocao"
>>> max(list3)
'w'

>>> min(list3)
'a'
>>> min(list2)
1
>>> list2
[1, 2, 3, 4, 45, 6, 756, 22]
>>> list3
'wocao'

>>> list2
[1, 2, 3, 4, 45, 6, 756, 22]
>>> sum(list2)
839

>>> list2 = [213,4,6,7,323,412,12]
>>> sorted(list2)
[4, 6, 7, 12, 213, 323, 412]
>>> list2
[213, 4, 6, 7, 323, 412, 12]
>>> list2.sort()
>>> list2
[4, 6, 7, 12, 213, 323, 412]

>>> for each in reversed(list1):
           print(each,end = ',')

434,22,-22,332,5,4,4,23,1,
没有看错，他返回的是不是个列表而是个迭代器对象

>>> str1 = "variety"
>>> for i in enumerate(str1):
...             print(i)
...
(0, 'v')
(1, 'a')
(2, 'r')
(3, 'i')
(4, 'e')
(5, 't')
(6, 'y')

>>> list2 = [1,2,33,4,5,65]
>>> for i in zip(str1,list2):
...     print(i)
...
('v', 1)
('a', 2)
('r', 33)
('i', 4)
('e', 5)
('t', 65)
>>> tuple1 = [1,2,3,4,5,6]
>>> for i in zip(str1,list2,tuple1):
...     print(i)
...
('v', 1, 1)
('a', 2, 2)
('r', 33, 3)
('i', 4, 4)
('e', 5, 5)
('t', 65, 6)

>>> def myfirstfuncion():
...     print("第一个函数")
...     print("天钧成年了")
...     print("可以负法律责任了")
>>> myfirstfuncion()
第一个函数
天钧成年了
可以负法律责任了

>>> for i in range(3):
...     myfirstfuncion()
...
第一个函数
天钧成年了
可以负法律责任了
第一个函数
天钧成年了
可以负法律责任了
第一个函数
天钧成年了
可以负法律责任了

>>> def myfistfunction(name):
...     print(name + "真的很帅")
...
>>> myfistfunction("variety")
variety真的很帅
>>> myfistfunction("天钧")
天钧真的很帅
>>> myfistfunction("老五")
老五真的很帅
>>> myfistfunction("奥巴马")
奥巴马真的很帅

>>> def add(num1,num2):
...     print(num1 + num2)
...
>>> add(1,45)
46

>>> def add(num1,num2):
...     print("num1 + num2")
...
>>> add(12,34)
num1 + num2

>>> def cdd(num1,num2):
...     return num1 + num2
...
>>> cdd(12,34)
46

>>> def myfistfunction(name):
...     print(name + "wocao")
...
>>> myfirstfunction("天钧")
>>> myfistfunction("天钧")
天钧wocao

>>> def myfistfunction(name):
...     """输入名字打出很帅"""
...     print(name + "真的很帅")
...
>>> myfistfunction("老五")
老五真的很帅

>>> myfistfunction.__doc__
'输入名字打出很帅'
>>>

>>> def add(num1,num2):
...     print(num1 + num2)
...
>>> add(1,45)
46

>>> def add(num1,num2):
...     print(num1 + num2)
...
>>> add(num1 = 45 ,num2 = 23)
68
>>>

>>> def add(num1 = "天钧",num2 = "love 老五"):
...     print(num1 + num2)
...     print("py交易")
...
>>> add()
天钧love 老五
py交易
>>>

>>> def tese(* params):
...     print("里面有%d个参数" % len(params))
...     print("第二个参数是:",params[1])
...
>>> tese('C','C','S','D','E','W')
里面有6个参数
第二个参数是: C

>>> def tese(* params):
...     print("里面有%d个参数" % len(params))
...     print("第二个参数是:",params[1])
...
>>> tese('C','C','S','D','E','W')
里面有6个参数
第二个参数是: C
>>> a = [1,2,3,4,4,5]
>>> tese(a)
里面有1个参数
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "<stdin>", line 3, in tese
IndexError: tuple index out of range

>>> def tese(* params):
...     print("里面有%d个参数" % len(params))
...     print("第二个参数是:",params[1])
...
>>> tese('C','C','S','D','E','W')
里面有6个参数
第二个参数是: C
>>> a = [1,2,3,4,4,5]
>>> tese(*a)
里面有6个参数
第二个参数是: 2

>>> dict = {"渗透":"网络安全","笔记":"为了共享","我们":"追逐梦想"}
>>> dict["渗透"]
'网络安全'

>>> dict = {"渗透":"网络安全","笔记":"为了共享","我们":"追逐梦想"}
>>> dict["渗透"]
'网络安全'

>>> a = {}
>>> a
{}
>>> type(a)
<class 'dict'>

>>> dict1 = dict((('I',23),('V',83),('I',65),('U',3),('Y',343)))
>>> dict1
{'U': 3, 'I': 65, 'V': 83, 'Y': 343}

>>> del dict
>>>
>>> dict
<class 'dict'>
>>> del dict
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'dict' is not defined
>>> dict1 = dict((('I',23),('V',83),('I',65),('U',3),('Y',343)))
>>> dict1
{'U': 3, 'I': 65, 'V': 83, 'Y': 343}

>>> dict2 = dict(Y = 23,A = 21,W = 56,U=353)
>>> dict2
{'U': 353, 'W': 56, 'A': 21, 'Y': 23}

>>> dict4 = dict('Y' = 23,'A' = 21,'W' = 56,'U'=353)
  File "<stdin>", line 1
SyntaxError: keyword can't be an expression

>>> dict1['H'] = 12
>>> dict1
{'U': 3, 'I': 65, 'H': 12, 'V': 83, 'Y': 343}
>>>

>>> dict1.fromkeys((1,2,3))
{1: None, 2: None, 3: None}

>>> dict2 = {('wocao'),"你大爷"}
>>> dict2
{'wocao', '你大爷'}
>>> dict2 = {('wocao',"卧槽","你大爷的"),"你大爷"}
>>> dict2
{('wocao', '卧槽', '你大爷的'), '你大爷'}
>>>

>>> dict3 = {}
>>> dict3.fromkeys(range(31),'wocao')
{0: 'wocao', 1: 'wocao', 2: 'wocao', 3: 'wocao', 4: 'wocao', 5: 'wocao', 6: 'wocao', 7: 'wocao', 8: 'wocao', 9: 'wocao', 10: 'wocao', 11: 'wocao', 12: 'wocao', 13: 'wocao', 14: 'wocao', 15: 'wocao', 16: 'wocao', 17: 'wocao', 18: 'wocao', 19: 'wocao', 20: 'wocao', 21: 'wocao', 22: 'wocao', 23: 'wocao', 24: 'wocao', 25: 'wocao', 26: 'wocao', 27: 'wocao', 28: 'wocao', 29: 'wocao', 30: 'wocao'}
>>> dict3.keys()
dict_keys([])

>>> dict3
{}

>>> dict3 = dict3.fromkeys(range(31),'wocao')
>>> dict3
{0: 'wocao', 1: 'wocao', 2: 'wocao', 3: 'wocao', 4: 'wocao', 5: 'wocao', 6: 'wocao', 7: 'wocao', 8: 'wocao', 9: 'wocao', 10: 'wocao', 11: 'wocao', 12: 'wocao', 13: 'wocao', 14: 'wocao', 15: 'wocao', 16: 'wocao', 17: 'wocao', 18: 'wocao', 19: 'wocao', 20: 'wocao', 21: 'wocao', 22: 'wocao', 23: 'wocao', 24: 'wocao', 25: 'wocao', 26: 'wocao', 27: 'wocao', 28: 'wocao', 29: 'wocao', 30: 'wocao'}
>>>

>>> dict3.keys()
dict_keys([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30])
>>>

>>> dict3.values()
dict_values(['wocao', 'wocao', 'wocao', 'wocao', 'wocao', 'wocao', 'wocao', 'wocao', 'wocao', 'wocao', 'wocao', 'wocao', 'wocao', 'wocao', 'wocao', 'wocao', 'wocao', 'wocao', 'wocao', 'wocao', 'wocao', 'wocao', 'wocao', 'wocao', 'wocao', 'wocao', 'wocao', 'wocao', 'wocao', 'wocao', 'wocao'])
>>>

>>> dict3.items()
dict_items([(0, 'wocao'), (1, 'wocao'), (2, 'wocao'), (3, 'wocao'), (4, 'wocao'), (5, 'wocao'), (6, 'wocao'), (7, 'wocao'), (8, 'wocao'), (9, 'wocao'), (10, 'wocao'), (11, 'wocao'), (12, 'wocao'), (13, 'wocao'), (14, 'wocao'), (15, 'wocao'), (16, 'wocao'), (17, 'wocao'), (18, 'wocao'), (19, 'wocao'), (20, 'wocao'), (21, 'wocao'), (22, 'wocao'), (23, 'wocao'), (24, 'wocao'), (25, 'wocao'), (26, 'wocao'), (27, 'wocao'), (28, 'wocao'), (29, 'wocao'), (30, 'wocao')])
>>>

>>> dict3[32]
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
KeyError: 32

>>> dict3.get(32)
>>>

>>> dict2
{('wocao', '卧槽', '你大爷的'), '你大爷'}
>>> dict2.clear()
>>> dict2
set()
>>>

>>> a = {1,23,4,5,67,87,23}
>>> a
{1, 67, 4, 5, 87, 23}
>>> type(a)
<class 'set'>
>>> b = a.copy()
>>> b
{1, 67, 4, 5, 87, 23}
>>>

>>> dict4 = {1:"wpcap",2:"342"}
>>> dict4.pop(1)
'wpcap'
>>> dict4.popitem()
(2, '342')

>>> name = {"米老鼠":"老鼠","天钧":"男人","小白":"狗"}
>>> name
{'米老鼠': '老鼠', '小白': '狗', '天钧': '男人'}
>>> name.update(小黑= "猫")
>>> name
{'米老鼠': '老鼠', '小黑': '猫', '小白': '狗', '天钧': '男人'}
>>>

>>> dict1 = {}
>>> dict2 = {1,23,4,5,5}
>>> type(dict1)
<class 'dict'>
>>> type(dict2)
<class 'set'>
>>>

>>> dict1 = {1,23,4,34,5,5,5,5,5,5,6,32,1,11,32}
>>> dict1
{32, 1, 34, 4, 5, 6, 11, 23}
>>>

>>> set1 = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}
>>> set2  = set([1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8])
>>> set1 == set2
True
>>>

>>> set1
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
>>> for each in set1:
...     print(each,end = "_")
...
>>>1_2_3_4_5_6_7_8

>>> set1 = frozenset({1,2,3,4,5,6})
>>> set1.add(22)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'frozenset' object has no attribute 'add'
>>>

>>> def number():
...     number()
...
>>> number()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "<stdin>", line 2, in number
  File "<stdin>", line 2, in number
  File "<stdin>", line 2, in number
  File "<stdin>", line 2, in number

>>> def recursion(n):
...     result = n
...     for i in range(1,n):
...             result *= i
...     return result
...
>>> recursion(5)
120

>>> def factorial(n):
...     if n == 1:
...             return 1
...     else:
...             return n * factorial(n - 1)
...
>>> factorial(5)
120
>>>

>>> a.read()
' 一、 情景对话指的是任何人运用语言进行交流的时候，必须同时考虑语言的社会文化特点和语言的交流功能。他所说的每句话，都离不开他当时所处的具体环境。从使用什么句型到字词选择，都要和讲话人的身份和他所处的特定场合相符合。换言之，他应该知道在什么时候，什么地方对谁该用什么方式讲什么话，该说什么，不该说什么。\n\n      二、情景会话主要考查考生对日常生活中经常运用的交流语言及其应答的掌握情况，内容包括问候、介绍、打电话，感谢、问路、祝贺、道歉、应允、赞成、谈论天气、购物等等。'
>>> a.read()
''
>>> 读到文章末尾

>>> a.read(5)
' 一、 情'

>>> a.tell()
9
>>> 

>>> os.path.basename(r"sqlmap\sqlmap.py")
'sqlmap.py'

>>> os.path.dirname(r"sqlmap\sqlmap.py")
'sqlmap'

>>> os.path.join(r"sqlmap\sqlmap.py","new make.txt")
'sqlmap\\sqlmap.py\\new make.txt'

>>> os.path.split(r"sqlmap\sqlmap.py")
('sqlmap', 'sqlmap.py')
>>> os.path.splitext(r"sqlmap\sqlmap.py")
('sqlmap\\sqlmap', '.py')
>>>

>>> os.path.getsize(r"sqlmap\sqlmap.py")
14737

>>> os.path.getatime(r"sqlmap\sqlmap.py")
1559199951.9334888
>>> os.path.getctime(r"sqlmap\sqlmap.py")
1550079748.4742687
>>> os.path.getmtime(r"sqlmap\sqlmap.py")
1549964987.0

>>> import pickle
>>> my_list = [122,333,44,'tian',['sssj']]
>>> pickle_file = open('I:\\my_list.pkl','wb')
>>> pickle.dump(my_list,pickle_file)
>>> pickle_file.close()
>>>

>>> pickle_file = open('I:\\my_list.pkl','wb')
>>> pickle.dump(my_list,pickle_file)
>>> pickle_file.close()
>>> pick_file = open("I:\\my_list.pkl","rb")
>>> my_list = pickle.load(pickle_file)
>>> print(my_list)
[122, 333, 44, 'tian', ['sssj']]
>>>

>>> my_list = ["tianjun"]
>>> assert len(my_list) > 0
>>> my_list.pop()
'tianjun'
>>>
>>> assert len(my_list) > 0
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AssertionError

>>> my_list = []
>>> my_list.fisa
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'list' object has no attribute 'fisa'

>>> my_list = [1,2,3,4,5]
>>> my_list[5]
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
IndexError: list index out of range

>>> dict1 = {"one":"1","two":"2","three":"3"}
>>> dict1['one']
'1'
>>> dict1['six']
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
KeyError: 'six'
>>>

>>> name = {}
>>> name
{}
>>> not name
True
>>> mett
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'mett' is not defined

>> print"wocao,meiyou xioakuohao"
  File "<stdin>", line 1
    print"wocao,meiyou xioakuohao"
                                 ^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax

>>> 1 + '1'
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'str'

>>> 5/0
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero

try-except语法

try：
  检测范围
except exception[as reason]:
  出现异常（esception）后处理代码

>>> try:
...     f = open("一个文档.txt")
...     print(f.read())
...     f.close()
... except OSError:
...     print("领绕我错了，报错了")
...
领绕我错了，报错了
>>>

>>> try:
...     sum = 1 + "1"
...     f = open("wocao.txt")
...     print(f.read())
...     f.close()
... except OSError as reason:
...     print("文件出错了，原因是"+str(reason))
... except TypeError as reason:
...     print("文件出错了，原因是"+str(reason))
...
文件出错了，原因是unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'str'
>>>

if：
    条件为真执行
else:
    条件为假时执行

>>> def showmaxdactor(num):
...     count  = num//2
...     while count > 1:
...             if num % count == 0:
...                     print('%d最大的数是%d' % (num,count))
...                     break
...             count -=1
...     else:
...             print("%d是个素数"% num)
...     num = int(input("请输入一个数"))
...     showmaxdactor(num)
...
>>> showmaxdactor(2)
2是个素数
请输入一个数2

>>> try:
...     int('abx')
... except ValueError as reason:
...     print("出错了"+ str(reason))
... else:
...     print('没有异常')
...
出错了invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'abx'
>>>

>>> try:
...     f = open("date.txt",'w')
...     for each_line in f:
...             print(each_line)
... except OSError as reason:
...     print("出错了：" + str(reason))
... finally:#这里的finally确保无论如和都是要被执行的
...     f.close()
...
出错了：not readable

>>> try:
...     with open('date.txt','w')as f:
...             for each_line in f:
...                     print(each_line)
... except OSError as reason:
...     print("出错了"+str(reason))
...
出错了not readable

class Turtle:
    #python 中的类名约定以大写字母开头
    #特征的描述称为属性，在代码层次来看其实就是变量
    color = "green"
    weigth = 10
    legs = 4
    shell = True
    mouth = '大嘴'

    #方法实际就是函数，通过调用这些函数来完成某些工作
    def climb(self):
        print("我正在努力地往前爬")
    def run(self):
        print("我正在飞快的像前爬")
    def bite(self):
        print("咬死你咬死你")
    def eat(self):
        print("有吃的了")
    def sleep(self):
        print("困了，睡觉了，告辞")
        

>>> tt = Turtle()
>>> tt.climb()
我正在努力地往前爬
>>> 

>>> aa = Buall()
>>> aa.setName("woshi")
>>> bb = Buall()
>>> bb.setName("天钧")
>>> aa.kick()
我叫woshi，奥 我是谁？！
>>> bb.kick()
我叫天钧，奥 我是谁？！
>>> 

class Potato:
    def __init__(self,name):
        self.name = name
    def kick(self):
        print("我叫%s，奥我擦" % self.name)

>>> ss = Potato("卧槽卧槽")
>>> ss.kick()
我叫卧槽卧槽，奥我擦

class Potato:
    name = "卧槽，臭流氓"

>>> cc = Potato()
>>> cc.name
'卧槽，臭流氓'

class Potato:
    __name = "卧槽，臭流氓"

>>> cc = Potato()
>>> cc.__name
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#38>", line 1, in <module>
    cc.__name
AttributeError: 'Potato' object has no attribute '__name'

class Potato:
    def __init__(self,name):
        self.__name = name
    def getName(self):
        return self.__name

>>> o = Potato("天钧")
>>> o.__name
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#45>", line 1, in <module>
    o.__name
AttributeError: 'Potato' object has no attribute '__name'
>>> o.getName()
'天钧'
>>> 

>>> o._Potato__name
'天钧'

class 类名(被继承的类):
  .....

>>> class Parent:
...     def hello(self):
...             print("正在调用父类方法")
...
>>> class Child(hello):
...     pass
...
>>> p = Parent()
>>> p.hello()
正在调用父类方法
>>> c = Child()
>>> c.hello()
正在调用父类方法
>>>

import random as r#调用


class Fish:#一个类
    def __init__(self):#还记得上一章的魔法方法吗__init__可以实实例化对像来代入参数
      self.x = r.randint(0,10)
      self.y = r.randint(0,10)

    def move(self):
        self.x -=1
        print("我的位置是",self.x,self.y)
    def goldfish(Fish):
        pass

    def carp(Fish):
        pass

    def Salmon(Fish):
        pass
class Shark(Fish):#定义鲨鱼，一个傻鲨鱼
    def __init__(self):#这里会讲到调用未绑定的父类方法
        self.hungry = True
    def eat(self):
        if self.hungry:
            print("我是个大吃货")
            self.hungry = False
        else:
            print("饱了，不吃了")

>>> fish = Fish()
>>> fish.move()
我的位置是 2 7
>>> shark = Shark()
>>> shark.move()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#94>", line 1, in <module>
    shark.move()
  File "C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/魔法方法.py", line 10, in move
    self.x -=1
AttributeError: 'Shark' object has no attribute 'x'
>>> 

class Shark(Fish):
    def __init__(self):
        Fish.__init__(self)
        self.hungry = True
    def eat(self):
        if self.hungry:
            print("我是个大吃货")
            self.hungry = False
        else:
            print("饱了，不吃了")

class Shark(Fish):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.hungry = True
    def eat(self):
        if self.hungry:
            print("我是个大吃货")
            self.hungry = False
        else:
            print("饱了，不吃了")

>>> shark = Shark()
>>> shark.move()
我的位置是 4 9

class 类名(父类1，父类2，父类3......)
.......

class Base1:
    def fool(self):
        print("我是fool,我在Basel中")

class Base2:
    def foo2(self):
        print("我是foo2,我在Basel中")

class Cat(Base1,Base2):
    pass

>>> cat = Cat()
>>> cat.fool()
我是fool,我在Basel中
>>> cat.foo2()
我是foo2,我在Basel中
>>> 

>>> class C:
...     count = 0
...
>>> a = C()
>>> b = C()
>>> c = C()
>>> print(a.count,b.count,c.count)
0 0 0
>>> c.count +=100
>>> print(a.count,b.count,c.count)
0 0 100
>>> C.count +=100
>>> print(a.count,b.count,c.count)
100 100 100

>>> class C:
...     def x(self):
...             print("xman")#如果属性跟方法名相同，属性会覆盖方法
...

>>> c = C()

>>> c.x()
xman

>>> c.x = 1#覆盖

>>> c.x()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: 'int' object is not callable

>>> c.x#覆盖后属性为1 ，也即是变量会覆盖函数
1
>>>

printEmployeePaychecks()；
print_employee_paychecks()；

>>> class CC:
...     def setXY(self,x,y):
...             self.x = x
...             self.y = y
...     def printXY(self):
...             print(self.x,self.y)
...
>>> dd = CC()
>>> dd.setXY(2,4)
>>> dd.printXY()
2 4
>>>

>>> class CC:
...     def setXY(self,x,y):
...             self.x = x
...             self.y = y
...     def printXY(self):
...             print(self.x,self.y)
...
>>> dd = CC()
>>> dd.setXY(2,4)
>>> dd.printXY
<bound method CC.printXY of <__main__.CC object at 0x02AA1D30>>
>>> dd.printXY()
2 4
>>> dd.__dict__
{'y': 4, 'x': 2}
>>> CC.__dict__
mappingproxy({'printXY': <function CC.printXY at 0x02AA4228>, '__dict__': <attribute '__dict__' of 'CC' objects>, '__weakref__': <attribute '__weakref__' of 'CC' objects>, '__doc__': None, 'setXY': <function CC.setXY at 0x02AA4270>, '__module__': '__main__'})
>>>

>>> dd.printXY()
2 4
>>> dd.__dict__
{'y': 4, 'x': 2}

>>> CC.__dict__
mappingproxy({'printXY': <function CC.printXY at 0x02AA4228>, '__dict__': <attribute '__dict__' of 'CC' objects>, '__weakref__': <attribute '__weakref__' of 'CC' objects>, '__doc__': None, 'setXY': <function CC.setXY at 0x02AA4270>, '__module__': '__main__'})

class Rectangle:
    '''定义一个矩形类，需要长宽两个参数，拥有计算周长和面积
    的两个方法，需要对象在初始化的时候，拥有长和宽两个参数
    因此需要重写__init__方法'''
    def __init__(self,x,y):
        self.x = x
        self.y = y
    def Zc(self):
        return self.x + self.y
    def Cc(self):
        return self.x * self.y

>>> dd = Rectangle(2,4)
>>> dd.Zc()
6
>>> dd.Cc()
8

>>> class A:
...     def ___init__(self):
...             return "A for A-Cup"
...
>>> cup = A()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#26>", line 1, in <module>
    cup = A()
TypeError: __init__() should return None, not 'str'

>>> cup = A()
>>>A for A-Cup

class Capstr(str):
    def __new__(cls,string):
        string = string.upper()
        return str.__new__(cls,string)

>>> a = Capstr("tianjun")
>>> a
'TIANJUN'
>>> 

>>> class C():
    def __init__(self):
        print('我是__init__()方法')
    def __del__(self): \
        print('我是__del__()方法')

    
>>> c1 = C()
我是__init__()方法
>>> c2 = c1
>>> c3 = c2
>>> del c1
>>> del c2
>>> del c3
我是__del__()方法

>>> type(len)
<class 'builtin_function_or_method'>
 #len方法用于返回参数的长度

>>> type(int)
<class 'type'>
>>> type(str)
<class 'type'>
>>>

>>> class A:
...     pass
...
>>> type(A)
<class 'type'>
>>>

>>> a = int("123")
>>> b = int("456")
>>> a + b
579
>>>

class New_int(int):
     def __add__(self,other):
             return int.__sub__(self,other)
     def __sub__(self,other):
             return int.__add__(self,other)
            源码

>>> a = New_int(4)
>>> b = New_int(5)
>>> a  +  b
-1
>>> a - b
9

class Try_int(int):
     def __add__(self,other):
             return selt + other
     def __sub__(self,other):
             return self - other
            

>>> a = Try_int(4)
>>> b = Try_int(6)
>>> a +b
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#6>", line 1, in <module>
    a +b
  File "C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/__add甲方.py", line 3, in __add__
    return selt + other
NameError: name 'selt' is not defined

class Try_int(int):
     def __add__(self,other):
             return int(self) + int(other)
     def __sub__(self,other):
             return int(self) - int(other)
            

>>> a = Try_int(4)
>>> b = Try_int(6)
>>> a + b
10

class Nint(int):
    def __radd__(self,other):
        return int.__sub__(self,other)
#加数是a,被加数是b。请问谁主动。
运行后
>>> a = Nint(5)
>>> b = Nint(3)
>>> a + b#肯定是a主动啦！
8

>>> a = 1
>>> b =3
>>> a += b#注意+=之间无空格
>>> a
4
>>> a = a + b

#基本要求
定制一个计时器额类
start和stop方法代表启动计时和停止计时
假设计时器对象t1，print(t1)和直接调用t1均显示结果
当计时器未启动或已经停止计时，调用stop方法会给温馨提示
两个计时器对象可以相加
只能使用有限的资源完成

>>>t1 = MYtime()
>>>t1
未开始计时
>>>t1.stop()
提示:请先调用start()开始计时
>>>t1.start()
计时开始
>>>t1
提示；请输入stop（）结束计时
>>>t1
总共运行5秒
>>>t2 = MYtime()
>>>t2.start()
计时开始
>>>t2.stop()
计时结束
>>>t2
一共运行6秒
>>>t1 + t2
总共运行11秒

>>> import time
>>> time.time
<built-in function time>
>>> time.time()
1560518311.610051
>>>

>>> import time
>>> time.localtime()
time.struct_time(tm_year=2019, tm_mon=6, tm_mday=14, tm_hour=21, tm_min=38, tm_sec=35, tm_wday=4, tm_yday=165, tm_isdst=0)
>>>

    def stop(self):
        self.stop = t.localtime()
        print("计时结束")
 #考虑怎么进行计算localtime()返回一个时间元组的结构，只取前面6个元素，然后将stop的元素
#依次减去start对应的元素，将差值存放在一个新的列表里

import time as t
class Mytime:
    def start(self):
        self.start = t.localtime()
        print("开始计时")
    def stop(self):
        self.stop = t.localtime()
        self._calc()
        print("计时结束")
        #内部方法用于计算时间
    def _calc(self):
        self.lasted = []
        self.prompt = "总共运行了"
        for index in range(6):
            self.lasted.append(self.stop[index] - self.start[index])
            self.prompt += str(self.lasted[index])
        print(self.prompt)

>>> t1 = Mytime()
>>> t1.start()
开始计时
>>> t1.stop()
总共运行了000005
计时结束
>>> 

import time as t
class Mytime:
    def start(self):
        self.start = t.localtime()
        print("开始计时")
    def stop(self):
        self.stop = t.localtime()
        self._calc()
        print("计时结束")
        #内部方法用于计算时间
    def _calc(self):
        self.lasted = []
        self.prompt = "总共运行了"
        for index in range(6):
            self.lasted.append(self.stop[index] - self.start[index])
            self.prompt += str(self.lasted[index])
        print(self.prompt)
    def __str__(self):
        return self.prompt
    __repr__ = __str__
    

>>> t1 = Mytime()
>>> t1.start()
开始计时
>>> t1.stop()
总共运行了000008
计时结束
>>> t1
总共运行了000008
>>> 

>>> t1 = Mytime()
>>> t1
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#43>", line 1, in <module>
    t1
  File "C:\Python34\lib\idlelib\rpc.py", line 614, in displayhook
    text = repr(value)
  File "C:/Users/Administrator/Desktop/fugai.py", line 19, in __str__
    return self.prompt
AttributeError: 'Mytime' object has no attribute 'prompt'
>>> 

import time as t
class Mytime:
    def __init__(self):
        self.prompt = "未开始计时"
        self.lasted = []
        self.start = 0
        self.stop = 0

    def start(self):
        self.start = t.localtime()
        print("开始计时")
    def stop(self):
        self.stop = t.localtime()
        self._calc()
        print("计时结束")
        #内部方法用于计算时间
    def _calc(self):
        self.lasted = []
        self.prompt = "总共运行了"
        for index in range(6):
            self.lasted.append(self.stop[index] - self.start[index])
            self.prompt += str(self.lasted[index])
        print(self.prompt)
    def __str__(self):
        return self.prompt
    __repr__ = __str__
    
  

>>> t1 = Mytime()
>>> t1
未开始计时
>>> t1.start()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#46>", line 1, in <module>
    t1.start()
TypeError: 'int' object is not callable
>>> 

#记载时间模块
import time as t 

class Mytimer :
    def __init__ (self) :
        self.unit = ['年','月','天','时','分','秒']
        self.prompt = '未开始计时'
        self.lasted = []
        self.begin = 0
        self.end = 0 

    #输入对象直接输出
    def __str__ (self) :
        return self.prompt

    def __repr__ (self) :
        return self.prompt

    #开始计时模块
    def start (self) :
        self.begin = t.localtime()
        self.prompt = '请先调用stop()停止计时！'
        print ('计时开始...')

    #停止计时模块
    def stop (self) :
        if not self.begin :
            print ('请先调用start()开始计时！')
        else :
            self.end = t.localtime()
            self._cacul()
            print ('计时结束!')
    
    #内部计算运行时间
    def _cacul(self) :
        self.prompt = '总共运行了'
        self.lasted = []
        for index in range (6) :
            self.lasted.append(self.end[index] - self.begin[index])
        self._judge1()
        for index in range (6) :
            if self.lasted[index] :
                    self.prompt += (str(self.lasted[index]) + str(self.unit[index]))
        #为下一轮计数初始化变量
        self.begin = 0
        self.end = 0

    #计算两个时间累计和
    def __add__ (self,other) :
        self.prompt = '两次总共运行了'
        self.result = []
        for index in range (6) :
            self.result.append(self.lasted[index] + other.lasted[index])
        self._judge2()
        for index in range (6) :
            if self.result [index] :
                    self.prompt += str( self.result[index] ) + self.unit[index] 
        return self.prompt

    #判断两个数据是否出现负数
    def _judge1(self) :
        for index in range (6) :
            if self.lasted[ index ] < 0 :
                #当负数出现时,前一位-1
                self.lasted [ index-1 ] -= 1
                #当负数出现在分秒时，+60
                if index == 5 or index == 4:
                    """self.lasted [ index -1 ] -= 1"""
                    self.lasted [ index ] += 60
                #当负数出现在时时，+24
                elif index == 3 :
                    """self.lasted [ index-1 ] -= 1"""
                    self.lasted [ index ] += 24
                #当负数出现在天时，+31
                elif index == 2 :
                    """self.lasted [ index-1 ] -= 1"""
                    self.lasted [ index ] +=31
                #当负数出现在月时，+12
                elif index == 1 :
                    """self.lasted [ index-1 ] -= 1"""
                    self.lasted [ index ] += 12

    #判断两个数据是或否可以进位
    def  _judge2 (self) :
        for index in range (5 , -1 , -1) :
            if index == 5 or index == 4 :
                if self.result [ index ] >= 60 :
                    self.result [ index - 1 ] += 1
                    self.result [ index ] -= 60
            elif index == 3 :
                if self.result [ index ] >= 24 :
                    self.result [ index - 1 ] += 1
                    self.result [ index ] -= 24
            elif index == 2 :
                if self.result [ index ] >= 31 :
                    self.result [ index - 1 ] += 1
                    self.result [ index ] -= 31
            elif index == 1 :
                if self.result [ index ] >= 12 :
                    self.result [ index - 1 ] += 1
                    self.result [ index ] -= 12
            else :
                pass 

>>> t1 = Mytimer()
>>> print(t1)
未开始计时
>>> t1.start()
计时开始...
>>> t1.stop
<bound method Mytimer.stop of 请先调用stop()停止计时！>
>>> t1.stop()
计时结束!
>>> t1
总共运行了20秒
>>> 

class C:
    def __getattribute__(self,name):#当该类的属性被访问的行为
        print('getattribute')
        return super().__getattribute__(name)
    
    def __setattr__(self,name,value):#当一个属性被设置时
        print('setattr')
        super().__setattr__(name,value)
        
    def __delattr__(self,value):#当一个属性被删除
        print('delattr')
        super().__delattr__(name)
        
    def __getattr__(self,name):#当用户获取一个不存在的上述属性
        print('getattr')

>>> c = C()
>>> c.x
getattribute
getattr
>>> c.x = 1
setattr
>>> c.x
getattribute
1
>>> del c.x
delattr

class Rectangle:
    def __init__(self,width = 0,height = 0):
        self.width = width
        self.height = height
    def __setattr__(self,name,value):
        if name == 'square':
            self.width = value
            self.height = height
        else:
            self.name = value
    def getArea(self):
        return self.width * self.height

class Rectangle:
    def __init__(self,width = 0,height = 0):
        self.width = width
        self.height = height
    def __setattr__(self,name,value):
        if name == 'square':
            self.width = value
            self.height = height
        else:
            self.__dict__[name] = value
    def getArea(self):
        return self.width * self.height

>>> r1 = Rectangle(4,5)
>>> r1.getArea()
20

>>> for i in 'tianjun':
...     print(i)
...
t
i
a
n
j
u
n
>>>

class Fibs:
      def __init__(self,n = 10):
          self.a = 0
          self.b = 1
          self.n = n
      def __iter__(self):
         return self    
       def __next__(self):        
         self.a,self.b = self.b,self.a+self.b
         if self.a > self.n:
             raise StopIteration
         return self.a

 
def fibonacci(n): 
    a, b, counter = 0, 1, 0
    while True:
        if (counter > n): 
            return
        yield a
        a, b = b, a + b
        counter += 1
f = fibonacci(10) # f 是一个迭代器，由生成器返回生成
 
while True:
    try:
        print (next(f), end=" ")
    except StopIteration:
        sys.exit()

0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55

>>> import os
>>> type(os)
<class 'module'>

>>> import sys
>>> import using_sys.py
命令行参数如下:

Python 路径为： ['', 'C:\\WINDOWS\\SYSTEM32\\python34.zip', 'C:\\Python34\\DLLs', 'C:\\Python34\\lib', 'C:\\Python34', 'C:\\Python34\\lib\\site-packages']

def name():
  print("hello")

>>> import modle
>>> modle.name()
hello

import module1[, module2[,... moduleN]

#pan.py
def c2f(cel):
  fan = cel *1.8  + 32
  return fan
def f2c(fah):
  cel = (fah - 32)/1.8
  return cel

import pan
  print("32摄氏度 = %.2f" % pan.c2f(32))
  print("99华氏度 = %.2f" % pan.f2c(99))

from modname import name1[, name2[, ... nameN]]

from sa import name

from modname import *

>>> __name__
'__main__'

if __name__ == '__main__':
   print('程序自身在运行')
else:
   print('我来自另一模块')

>>> import pan
>>> pan.__name__
'pan'
>>> dir(pan)
['__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'c2f', 'f2c']

>>> import sys
>>> sys.path
['', 'C:\\WINDOWS\\SYSTEM32\\python34.zip', 'C:\\Python34\\DLLs', 'C:\\Python34\\lib', 'C:\\Python34', 'C:\\Python34\\lib\\site-packages']
>>>