东北地理所《Trends in Ecol Evol》：环境变化下植物入侵研究新框架

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准确理解环境变化下的外来植物成功入侵的机制对于全球变化背景下外来植物入侵的预测与防控至关重要。中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所生物入侵生态学团队以夜间人造灯光(ALAN)为例,提出了一个“环境变化+营养级生物共同调控外来植物入侵过程”的研究框架(图1)。该研究框架强调,不仅要关注环境变化对入侵植物和本地植物生理、物候、生长和适合度的直接影响,更要解析环境变化如何通过植物与互惠/拮抗生物的相互作用对入侵植物和本地植物产生间接影响。这有助于解析环境变化下外来植物成功入侵的生态和进化机制(图1)。

图1夜间人造灯光(ALAN)对入侵植物和本地植物的直接和间接影响

    在正常夜晚光照条件下,入侵植物和本地植物之间的竞争会由夜间的互惠者/拮抗者介导(A)。ALAN可以直接改变这种竞争,也可以通过影响地上和地下互惠者/拮抗者间接改变这种竞争(B)。此外,ALAN的这些间接影响还可能延伸到白天,影响植物与昼行性互作伙伴的相互作用(C)。图A-C中实线表示直接影响,虚线表示间接影响。D图显示的是自然日光周期和ALAN下的光周期。以一种假定的入侵植物为例,这种植物的原产地具有长日照光(左图),如果入侵至短日照的区域,因光生态位不适合,其扩散传播将受到阻碍(D;中图)。

然而,ALAN的存在可能延长该入侵地的光照时间,从而创造出更接近其原产地的光生态位(D;右图),从而扩大该物种的现实生态位。D图从概念上说明在ALAN条件下,相对于不适宜的光生态位(用深蓝色表示),ALAN如何通过扩大适宜的光生态位(即有利于植物建立和生长的光照条件;用黄色表示),使入侵植物在新的分布区更加成功。这可能会导致入侵植物在ALAN环境中找到基础生态位,从而促进更快速的扩张(以黑色箭头的粗细表示),最终实现ALAN导致的入侵植物现实生态位比例的提升。

图2夜间人造灯光(ALAN)对入侵植物和本地植物影响的生态和进化过程

    由于高可塑性,入侵植物可能通过生理、物候、生长和适合度的响应,直接受益于ALAN(A)。长期的ALAN可能使植物产生快速进化和局地适应性,这又会进一步提升入侵植物的优势(B)。另一方面,ALAN引起的植物拮抗者/互惠者的改变可能导致其与植物互作的错配,从而导致入侵植物与本地植物之间的竞争平衡发生变化。然而,其竞争结果可能依赖于入侵物种与拮抗者/互惠者相互作用时采取的策略差异(C)。长期暴露于ALAN下,这些间接的生态影响也可能产生进化后果。图中每个方框都代表了该方向的一些研究缺口,这些缺口亟需在未来进一步验证。重要的是,以上概念模型还可以扩展到探讨任意全球环境变化因素对植物入侵的直接和间接影响。

以上研究成果发表在生态学旗舰期刊Trends in Ecology & Evolution上,中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所生物入侵生态学研究团队刘艳杰研究员为第一作者和通讯作者,德国慕尼黑工业大学Robin Heinen博士为共同作者。本研究得到了吉林省优秀青年基金项目(20230101364JC)、中国科学院率先行动“百人计划”(Y9B7041001)和中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所创新团队项目(2022CXTD01)的共同资助。

文献信息：

Liu Y*, Heinen R (2024) Plant invasions under artificial light at night. Trends in Ecology & Evolution.

扩展阅读

Section snippets Plant invasions under natural light cycles Under natural light cycles, invasive plants often exhibit faster growth and larger size than local natives, increasing their competitive abilities. Competition between invasive and native plants can be exacerbated by interactions between plants and mutualists (e.g., pollinators) or antagonists (e.g., herbivores). Invasive plants, as novel organisms, lack a coevolutionary history with local novel interaction partners [1,2]. Alternatively, invasive plants may not encounter some of their own Direct effects of ALAN on ecology and evolution of invasive plants Given the high phenotypic plasticity of invasive plants in response to environmental changes [1,2], ALAN may induce variable growth, reproductive, and phenological responses of invasive, compared with native plants, and promote invasion success (Figure 1D). This idea has been tested in some studies, however, it has yielded mixed results. For example, while Liu et al. [5] reported that naturalized plant species exhibited a 5.4% stronger growth response to ALAN than natives, Speißer et al. [6] Indirect effects of ALAN on ecology and evolution of invasive plants through mutualists ALAN can indirectly affect plant invasions via altering mutualistic relationships (Figure 1A–C). Taking pollinators as an example, ALAN exposure can deter nocturnal pollinators, resulting in reduced flower visitation and fruit set [10]. Importantly, ALAN-induced disruptions are not confined to the nighttime, but can extend to daytime interactions, possibly via ALAN-induced changes in floral traits or nocturnal nectar depletion [11]. However, asexual or selfing invasive plants [1,2] could escape Indirect effects of ALAN on ecology and evolution of invasive plants through antagonists ALAN can also indirectly affect plant invasions through antagonists, exemplified here as herbivores (Figure 1A–C). ALAN could alter activity patterns and local assemblages of both diurnal and nocturnal herbivores, thereby impacting their herbivory pressure on plants. Studies have shown conflicting effects of ALAN on plant–herbivore interactions, with evidence of both decreased herbivory pressure [13] and increased herbivory damage in lit environments [14]. Regardless of the direction of impact, Concluding remarks and future perspectives Through ecological and evolutionary mechanisms (Figure 2), ALAN may exert a direct and indirect influence on plant invasions. A large-scale investigation into the distribution of invasive plants, relating invasion history to local ALAN exposure history, can elucidate the generality of ALAN as a driver of plant invasions. Furthermore, controlled experiments that manipulate exposure of invasive and native plants to local antagonists and/or mutualists under different levels of ALAN can help Acknowledgments Y.L. acknowledges funding from the Excellent Youth Foundation of Jilin Province, China (20230101364JC), the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Y9B7041001), and the Innovation Team Project of Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (2022CXTD01). The authors wish to thank the editor, Andrea Stephens, and three anonymous reviewers for helpful comments that improved the work.

来源：期刊官网、中科院东北地理所

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