1、准备工作
Hive的底层是基于MapReduce分布式计算和HDFS分布式存储,因此,在使用Hive进行数据操作前,需要先启动Hadoop。如果事先已经搭建好了伪分布式环境的Hadoop,运行命令: start-all.sh,等待Hadoop启动完成即可。
使用Hive进行数据分析操作,必然需要安装和配置Hive数据仓库工具,这里就不介绍其安装和配置了,具体内容可以参考前面相关文章。本文基于Hive的本地模式(元数据信息保存到第三方MySQL数据库中)进行操作,运行命令:hive,等待Hive启动完成。如下图所示,这样便可以在Hive的shell命令行窗口中进行数据分析操作。
在正式开始操作Hive进行数据分析之前,先介绍几个Hive的基本命令。
创建数据库
create database mytest;
切换到指定数据库
use mytest;
查看指定的数据库信息
describe database mytest;
查看指定数据表的详细信息
desc formatted special1;
2、SUM、AVG、MIN、MAX函数
A、数据准备
创建文件special1,往该文件中输入相应的测试数据,如下图所示:
然后,将special1文件拷贝到指定目录下,这里使用的目录是:/root/temp,然后运行如下命令创建对应的外部表:
CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE special1 (
cookieid string,createtime string,pv INT)
ROW FORMAT DELIMITED FIELDS TERMINATED BY ','
stored as textfile location '/root/temp/special1/';
最后,运行如下命令将本地文件special1中的数据导入表special1中:
load data local inpath '/root/temp/special1' into table special1;
B、SUM函数使用
功能:实现分组内所有和连续累积的统计,注意,结果和ORDER BY相关,默认为升序。命令如下:
SELECT cookieid,createtime,pv,
SUM(pv) OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime) AS pv1,--默认为从起点到当前行
SUM(pv) OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) AS pv2,--从起点到当前行,结果同pv1
SUM(pv) OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid) AS pv3,--分组内所有行,会使得最终结果降序排列
SUM(pv) OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime ROWS BETWEEN 3 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) AS pv4,--当前行+往前3行
SUM(pv) OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime ROWS BETWEEN 3 PRECEDING AND 1 FOLLOWING) AS pv5,--当前行+往前3行+往后1行
SUM(pv) OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) AS pv6--当前行+往后所有行
FROM special1;
运行结果如下图所示:
解析:
pv1: 分组内从起点到当前行的pv累积,如11号的pv1等于10号的pv值加上11号的pv值, 12号的pv1等于10号的pv值加上11号的pv值加上12号的pv值;
pv2: 同pv1的计算方法;
pv3: 分组内(cookie1)所有的pv值累加;
pv4: 分组内当前行+往前3行,如11号=10号+11号,12号=10号+11号+12号,13号=10号+11号+12号+13号,14号=11号+12号+13号+14号;
pv5: 分组内当前行+往前3行+往后1行,如14号=11号+12号+13号+14号+15号=5+7+3+2+4=21;
pv6: 分组内当前行+往后所有行,如13号=13号+14号+15号+16号=3+2+4+4=13,14号=14号+15号+16号=2+4+4=10;
如果不指定ROWS BETWEEN,默认为从起点到当前行;
如果不指定ORDER BY,则将分组内所有值累加;
关键是理解ROWS BETWEEN含义,也叫做WINDOW子句:
PRECEDING:往前,FOLLOWING:往后,CURRENT ROW:当前行
UNBOUNDED:起点,UNBOUNDED PRECEDING 表示从前面的起点, UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING:表示到后面的终点
——其他AVG,MIN,MAX函数,和SUM函数的用法一样。
C、AVG函数使用
功能:实现求分组内指定数量行数据的平均值。命令如下:
SELECT cookieid,createtime,pv,
AVG(pv) OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime) AS pv1,--默认为从起点到当前行
AVG(pv) OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) AS pv2,--从起点到当前行,结果同pv1
AVG(pv) OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid) AS pv3,--分组内所有行,会使得最终结果降序排列
AVG(pv) OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime ROWS BETWEEN 3 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) AS pv4,--当前行+往前3行
AVG(pv) OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime ROWS BETWEEN 3 PRECEDING AND 1 FOLLOWING) AS pv5,--当前行+往前3行+往后1行
AVG(pv) OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) AS pv6--当前行+往后所有行
FROM special1;
运行结果如下图所示:
D、MIN函数使用
功能:实现求分组内指定数量行数据的最小值。命令如下:
SELECT cookieid,createtime,pv,
MIN(pv) OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime) AS pv1,--默认为从起点到当前行
MIN(pv) OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) AS pv2,--从起点到当前行,结果同pv1
MIN(pv) OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid) AS pv3,--分组内所有行,会使得最终结果降序排列
MIN(pv) OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime ROWS BETWEEN 3 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) AS pv4,--当前行+往前3行
MIN(pv) OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime ROWS BETWEEN 3 PRECEDING AND 1 FOLLOWING) AS pv5,--当前行+往前3行+往后1行
MIN(pv) OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) AS pv6--当前行+往后所有行
FROM special1;
运行结果如下图所示:
E、MAX函数使用
功能:实现求分组内指定数量行数据的最大值。命令如下:
SELECT cookieid,createtime,pv,
MAX(pv) OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime) AS pv1,--默认为从起点到当前行
MAX(pv) OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) AS pv2,--从起点到当前行,结果同pv1
MAX(pv) OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid) AS pv3,--分组内所有行
MAX(pv) OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime ROWS BETWEEN 3 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) AS pv4,--当前行+往前3行
MAX(pv) OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime ROWS BETWEEN 3 PRECEDING AND 1 FOLLOWING) AS pv5,--当前行+往前3行+往后1行
MAX(pv) OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) AS pv6--当前行+往后所有行
FROM special1;
运行结果如下图所示:
3、NTILE、ROW_NUMBER、RANK,DENSE_RANK函数
A、数据准备
创建文件special2,往该文件中输入相应的测试数据,如下图所示:
然后,将special2文件拷贝到指定目录下,这里使用的目录是:/root/temp,然后运行如下命令创建对应的外部表:
CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE special2 (
cookieid string,createtime string,pv INT)
ROW FORMAT DELIMITED FIELDS TERMINATED BY ','
stored as textfile location '/root/temp/special2/';
最后,运行如下命令将本地文件special2中的数据导入表special2中:
load data local inpath '/root/temp/special2' into table special2;
B、NTILE函数使用
功能:NTILE(n),用于将分组数据按照顺序切分成n片,并返回当前切片值。
NTILE不支持ROWS BETWEEN,比如 NTILE(2) OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime ROWS BETWEEN 3 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW)。如果切片不均匀,默认增加第一个切片的分布。命令如下:
SELECT cookieid,createtime,pv,
NTILE(2) OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime) AS rn1,--将分组内数据分成2片
NTILE(3) OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime) AS rn2,--将分组内数据分成3片
NTILE(4) OVER(ORDER BY createtime) AS rn3--将所有数据分成4片
FROM special2
ORDER BY cookieid,createtime;
运行结果如下图所示:
再比如,统计一个cookie,pv数最多的前1/3数量的天,命令如下:
SELECT cookieid,createtime,pv,
NTILE(3) OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY pv DESC) AS rn
FROM special2;
运行结果如下图所示:
C、ROW_NUMBER函数使用
功能:从1开始,按照顺序,生成分组内记录的序列。比如,按照pv降序排列,生成分组内每天的pv名次。ROW_NUMBER()的应用场景非常多,再比如,获取分组内排序第一的记录;获取一个session中的第一条refer等。命令如下:
SELECT cookieid,createtime,pv,
ROW_NUMBER() OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY pv desc) AS rn
FROM special2;
运行结果如下图所示:
D、RANK和DENSE_RANK函数使用
功能:RANK()生成数据项在分组中的排名,排名相等会在名次中留下空缺位;DENSE_RANK()生成数据项在分组中的排名,排名相等不会在名次中留下空缺位。命令如下:
SELECT cookieid,createtime,pv,
RANK() OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY pv desc) AS rn1,
DENSE_RANK() OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY pv desc) AS rn2,
ROW_NUMBER() OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY pv DESC) AS rn3
FROM special2
WHERE cookieid = 'cookie1';
运行结果如下图所示:
4、CUME_DIST、PERCENT_RANK函数
A、数据准备
创建文件special3,往该文件中输入相应的测试数据,如下图所示:
然后,将special3文件拷贝到指定目录下,这里使用的目录是:/root/temp,然后运行如下命令创建对应的外部表:
CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE special3 (
dept STRING,userid string,sal INT)
ROW FORMAT DELIMITED FIELDS TERMINATED BY ','
stored as textfile location '/root/temp/special3/';
最后,运行如下命令将本地文件special3中的数据导入表special3中:
load data local inpath '/root/temp/special3' into table special3;
B、CUME_DIST函数使用
功能:实现求小于等于当前值的行数/分组内总行数,比如,统计小于等于当前薪水的人数,所占总人数的比例。命令如下:
SELECT dept,userid,sal,
CUME_DIST() OVER(ORDER BY sal) AS rn1,
CUME_DIST() OVER(PARTITION BY dept ORDER BY sal) AS rn2
FROM special3;
运行结果如下图所示:
C、PERCENT_RANK函数使用
功能:实现求分组内当前行的RANK值-1/分组内总行数-1的比值,该函数的功能比较特殊,应用场景不太了解。命令如下:
SELECT dept,userid,sal,
PERCENT_RANK() OVER(ORDER BY sal) AS rn1,--分组内
RANK() OVER(ORDER BY sal) AS rn11,--分组内RANK值
SUM(1) OVER(PARTITION BY NULL) AS rn12,--分组内总行数
PERCENT_RANK() OVER(PARTITION BY dept ORDER BY sal) AS rn2
FROM special3;
运行结果如下图所示:
5、LAG、LEAD、FIRST_VALUE、LAST_VALUE函数
A、数据准备
创建文件special4,往该文件中输入相应的测试数据,如下图所示:
然后,将special4文件拷贝到指定目录下,这里使用的目录是:/root/temp,然后运行如下命令创建对应的外部表:
CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE special4 (
cookieid string,createtime string,url STRING)
ROW FORMAT DELIMITED FIELDS TERMINATED BY ','
stored as textfile location '/root/temp/special4/';
最后,运行如下命令将本地文件special4中的数据导入表special4中:
load data local inpath '/root/temp/special4' into table special4;
B、LAG函数使用
功能:LAG(col,n,DEFAULT) 用于统计窗口内往上第n行的值,第一个参数为列名,第二个参数为往上第n行(可选,默认为1),第三个参数为默认值(当往上第n行为NULL时候,取默认值,如不指定,则为NULL)。命令如下:
SELECT cookieid,createtime,url,
ROW_NUMBER() OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime) AS rn,
LAG(createtime,1,'1970-01-01 00:00:00') OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime) AS last_1_time,
LAG(createtime,2) OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime) AS last_2_time
FROM special4;
运行结果如下图所示:
C、LEAD函数使用
功能:与LAG相反,LEAD(col,n,DEFAULT)用于统计窗口内往下第n行的值,第一个参数为列名,第二个参数为往下第n行(可选,默认为1),第三个参数为默认值(当往下第n行为NULL时候,取默认值,如不指定,则为NULL)。命令如下:
SELECT cookieid,createtime,url,
ROW_NUMBER() OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime) AS rn,
LEAD(createtime,1,'1970-01-01 00:00:00') OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime) AS next_1_time,
LEAD(createtime,2) OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime) AS next_2_time
FROM special4;
运行结果如下图所示:
D、FIRST_VALUE函数使用
功能:实现求分组内排序后,截止到当前行,第一个值。命令如下:
SELECT cookieid,createtime,url,
ROW_NUMBER() OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime) AS rn,
FIRST_VALUE(url) OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime) AS first1
FROM special4;
运行结果如下图所示:
E、LAST_VALUE函数使用
功能:实现求分组内排序后,截止到当前行,最后一个值。命令如下:
SELECT cookieid,createtime,url,
ROW_NUMBER() OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime) AS rn,
LAST_VALUE(url) OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime) AS last1
FROM special4;
运行结果如下图所示:
如果不指定ORDER BY,则默认按照记录在文件中的偏移量进行排序。命令如下:
SELECT cookieid,createtime,url,
FIRST_VALUE(url) OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid) AS first2
FROM special4;
运行结果如下图所示:
如果想要取分组内排序后最后一个值,则需要变通一下。命令如下:
SELECT cookieid,createtime,url,
ROW_NUMBER() OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime) AS rn,
LAST_VALUE(url) OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime) AS last1,
FIRST_VALUE(url) OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime DESC) AS last2
FROM special4
ORDER BY cookieid,createtime;
运行结果如下图所示:
6、GROUPING SETS、GROUPING__ID、CUBE、ROOUP函数
A、数据准备
创建文件special5,往该文件中输入相应的测试数据,如下图所示:
然后,将special5文件拷贝到指定目录下,这里使用的目录是:/root/temp,然后运行如下命令创建对应的外部表:
CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE special5 (
month STRING,day STRING,cookieid STRING )
ROW FORMAT DELIMITED FIELDS TERMINATED BY ','
stored as textfile location '/root/temp/special5/';
最后,运行如下命令将本地文件special5中的数据导入表special5中:
load data local inpath '/root/temp/special5' into table special5;
B、GROUPINT SETS函数使用
功能:在一个GROUP BY查询中,根据不同的维度组合进行聚合,等价于将不同维度的GROUP BY结果集进行UNION ALL。命令如下:
SELECT month,day,
COUNT(DISTINCT cookieid) AS uv,
GROUPING__ID
FROM special5
GROUP BY month,day
GROUPING SETS (month,day)
ORDER BY GROUPING__ID;
运行结果如下图所示:
上面的语句等价于:
SELECT month,NULL,COUNT(DISTINCT cookieid) AS uv,1 AS GROUPING__ID FROM special5 GROUP BY month
UNION ALL
SELECT NULL,day,COUNT(DISTINCT cookieid) AS uv,2 AS GROUPING__ID FROM special5 GROUP BY day
再比如下述命令:
SELECT month,day,
COUNT(DISTINCT cookieid) AS uv,
GROUPING__ID
FROM special5
GROUP BY month,day
GROUPING SETS (month,day,(month,day))
ORDER BY GROUPING__ID;
运行结果如下图所示:
上述命令等价于:
SELECT month,NULL,COUNT(DISTINCT cookieid) AS uv,1 AS GROUPING__ID FROM special5 GROUP BY month
UNION ALL
SELECT NULL,day,COUNT(DISTINCT cookieid) AS uv,2 AS GROUPING__ID FROM special5 GROUP BY day
UNION ALL
SELECT month,day,COUNT(DISTINCT cookieid) AS uv,3 AS GROUPING__ID FROM special5GROUP BY month,day
其中的GROUPING__ID,表示结果属于哪一个分组集合。
C、CUBE函数使用
功能:根据GROUP BY的维度的所有组合进行聚合。命令如下:
SELECT month,day,
COUNT(DISTINCT cookieid) AS uv,
GROUPING__ID
FROM special5
GROUP BY month,day
WITH CUBE
ORDER BY GROUPING__ID;
运行结果如下图所示:
上述命令等价于:
SELECT NULL,NULL,COUNT(DISTINCT cookieid) AS uv,0 AS GROUPING__ID FROM special5
UNION ALL
SELECT month,NULL,COUNT(DISTINCT cookieid) AS uv,1 AS GROUPING__ID FROM special5 GROUP BY month
UNION ALL
SELECT NULL,day,COUNT(DISTINCT cookieid) AS uv,2 AS GROUPING__ID FROM special5 GROUP BY day
UNION ALL
SELECT month,day,COUNT(DISTINCT cookieid) AS uv,3 AS GROUPING__ID FROM special5 GROUP BY month,day
D、ROLLUP函数使用
功能:是CUBE的子集,以最左侧的维度为主,从该维度进行层级聚合。命令如下:
SELECT month,day,
COUNT(DISTINCT cookieid) AS uv,
GROUPING__ID
FROM special5
GROUP BY month,day
WITH ROLLUP
ORDER BY GROUPING__ID;
运行结果如下图所示:
还可以实现这样的上钻过程:月天的uv->月的uv->总uv,把month和day调换顺序,则以day维度进行层级聚合。命令如下:
SELECT day,month,
COUNT(DISTINCT cookieid) AS uv,
GROUPING__ID
FROM special5
GROUP BY day,month
WITH ROLLUP
ORDER BY GROUPING__ID;
运行结果如下图所示:
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