将属性集/获取或方法巧妙地应用于多个相同类型的对象

class Animal:
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name

    def makeSound(self):
        pass

class Dog(Animal):
    def makeSound(self):
        return f"{self.name} barks"

class Cat(Animal):
    def makeSound(self):
        return f"{self.name} meows"

class Animal:
    def makeSound(self):
        self.startSound()
        self.produceSound()
        self.endSound()

    def startSound(self):
        pass

    def produceSound(self):
        pass

    def endSound(self):
        pass

class Dog(Animal):
    def produceSound(self):
        return "bark"

class Cat(Animal):
    def produceSound(self):
        return "meow"