《How Linux Work》

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Unix machines depend on accurate timekeeping. The kernel maintains the system clock, which is the clock that is consulted when you run commands like date. You can also set the system clock using the date command, but it’s usually a bad idea to do so because you’ll never get the time exactly right. Your system clock should be as close to the correct time as possible.

【Linux】《how linux work》第 七 章 系统配置 系统配置： 日志、系统时间、批处理任务和用户（2）

Abrahams, Paul W., 和 Bruce Larson, 《UNIX 快速入门指南》，第 2 版。波士顿：Addison-Wesley 专业出版社，1995年。

《how linux work》A. 参考文献

The chapters in this book have covered the fundamental components of a Linux system, from low-level kernel and process organization, to networking, to some of the tools used to build software. With all of that behind you, what can you do now? Quite a lot, as it turns out! Because Linux supports nearly every kind of non proprietary programming environment, it’s only natural that a plethora of applications is available. Let’s look at a few application areas where Linux excels and see how what you’ve learned in this book relates.

【Linux】《how linux work》第 十七 章 夯实基础

Most nonproprietary third-party Unix software packages come as source code that you can build and install. One reason for this is that Unix (and Linux itself) has so many different flavors and architectures that it would be difficult to distribute binary packages for all possible platform combinations. The other reason, which is at least as important, is that widespread source code distribution throughout the Unix community encourages users to contribute bug fixes and new features to software, giving meaning to the term open source.

【Linux】《how linux work》第十六章 从 C 源代码编译软件入门

Linux and Unix are very popular with programmers, not just due to the overwhelming array of tools and environments available but also because the system is exceptionally well documented and transparent. On a Linux machine, you don’t have to be a programmer to take advantage of development tools, but when working with the system, you should know something about programming tools because they play a larger role in managing Unix systems than in other operating systems. At the very least, you should be able to identify development utilities and have some idea of how to run them.

【Linux】《how linux work》第十五章 开发工具

This chapter is a quick introduction to the components found in a typical Linux desktop system. Of all of the different kinds of software that you can find on Linux systems, the desktop arena is one of the wildest and most colorful because there are so many environments and applications to choose from, and most distributions make it relatively easy for you to try them out.

【Linux】《how linux work》第十四章 Linux 桌面简介

This book’s primary focus is on the Linux system that normally lies underneath server processes and interactive user sessions. But eventually, the system and the user have to meet somewhere. Startup files play an important role at this point, because they set defaults for the shell and other interactive programs. They determine how the system behaves when a user logs in.

【Linux】《how linux work》第十三章 用户环境

This chapter surveys options for moving and sharing files between machines on a network. We’ll start by looking at some ways to copy files other than the scp and sftp utilities that you’ve already seen. Then we’ll briefly look at true file sharing, where you attach a directory on one machine to another machine.

【Linux】《how linux work》第十二章 在网络中移动文件

If you can enter commands into the shell, you can write shell scripts (also known as Bourne shell scripts). A shell script is a series of commands written in a file; the shell reads the commands from the file just as it would if you typed them into a terminal.

【Linux】《how linux work》第十一章 Shell 脚本简介

Every Unix file has a set of permissions that determine whether you can read, write, or run the file. Running ls -l displays the permissions. Here’s an example of such a display:

【Linux】《how linux work》第二章 基本命令和目录层次结构（3）

Speaking of editing, it’s time to learn an editor. To get serious with Unix, you must be able to edit text files without damaging them. Most parts of the system use plaintext configuration files (like the ones in /etc). It’s not difficult to edit files, but you will do it so often that you need a powerful tool for the job.

【Linux】《how linux work》第二章 基本命令和目录层次结构（2）

Let’s look at a few diagnostic tools that are useful for poking around the application layer. Some dig into the transport and network layers, because everything in the application layer eventually maps down to something in those lower layers.

【Linux】《how linux work》第十章 网络应用和服务（2）

This chapter explores basic network applications—the clients and servers running in user space that reside at the application layer. Because this layer is at the top of the stack, close to end users, you may find this material more accessible than the material in Chapter 9. Indeed, you interact with network client applications such as web browsers and email readers every day.

【Linux】《how linux work》第十章 网络应用和服务（1）

NAT is the most commonly used way to share a single IP address with a private network, and it’s nearly universal in home and small office networks. In Linux, the variant of NAT that most people use is known as IP masquerading.

【Linux】《how linux work》第九章 了解网络及其配置（3）

There are several ways to automatically configure networks in Linux-based systems. The most widely used option on desktops and notebooks is NetworkManager. Other network configuration management systems are mainly targeted for smaller embedded systems, such as OpenWRT’s netifd, Android’s ConnectivityManager service, ConnMan, and Wicd. We’ll briefly discuss NetworkManager because it’s the one you’re most likely to encounter. We won’t go into a tremendous amount of detail, though, because after you see the big picture, NetworkManager and other configuration systems will be more transparent

【Linux】《how linux work》第九章 了解网络及其配置（2）

Networking is the practice of connecting computers and sending data between them. That sounds simple enough, but to understand how it works, you need to ask two fundamental questions:

【Linux】《how linux work》第九章 了解网络及其配置（1）

CPU performance is one of the easier metrics to measure. The load average is the average number of processes currently ready to run. That is, it is an estimate of the number of processes that are capable of using the CPU at any given time. When thinking about a load average, keep in mind that most processes on your system are usually waiting for input (from the keyboard, mouse, or network, for example), meaning that most processes are not ready to run and should contribute nothing to the load average. Only processes that are actually doing something affect the load average.

【Linux】《how linux work》第八章 流程和资源利用的近距离观察（第二部分）

This chapter takes you deeper into the relationships between processes, the kernel, and system resources. There are three basic kinds of hardware resources: CPU, memory, and I/O. Processes vie for these resources, and the kernel’s job is to allocate resources fairly. The kernel itself is also a resource—a software resource that processes use to perform tasks such as creating new processes and communicating with other processes. Many of the tools that you see in this chapter are often thought of as performance-monitoring tools. They’re particularly helpful if your system is slowing to a crawl and you’re trying to figure out why. However, you shouldn’t get too distracted by performance; trying to optimize a system that’s already working correctly is often a waste of time. Instead, concentrate on understanding what the tools actually measure, and you’ll gain great insight into how the kernel works.

【Linux】《how linux work》第八章 流程和资源利用的近距离观察（第一部分）

At first glance, a modern operating system such as Linux is very complicated, with a dizzying number of pieces simultaneously running and communicating. For example, a web server can talk to a database server, which could in turn use a shared library that many other programs use. But how does it all work?

【Linux】《how linux work》第一章 大局观

When you first look in the /etc directory, you might feel a bit overwhelmed. Although most of the files that you see affect a system’s operations to some extent, a few are fundamental.

【Linux】《how linux work》第 七 章 系统配置 系统配置： 日志、系统时间、批处理任务和用户（1）

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