语法:select [选项] 列名 [from 表名] [where 条件] [group by 分组] [order by 排序][having 条件] [limit 限制]
-- 可以直接输出内容
mysql> select '锄禾日当午';
+------------+
| 锄禾日当午 |
+------------+
| 锄禾日当午 |
+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-- 输出表达式
mysql> select 10*10;
+-------+
| 10*10 |
+-------+
| 100 |
+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select ch,math,ch+math from stu;
+------+------+---------+
| ch | math | ch+math |
+------+------+---------+
| 80 | NULL | NULL |
| 77 | 76 | 153 |
| 55 | 82 | 137 |
| NULL | 74 | NULL |
-- 表达式部分可以用函数
mysql> select rand();
+--------------------+
| rand() |
+--------------------+
| 0.6669325378415478 |
+--------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
通过as给字段取别名
mysql> select '锄禾日当午' as '标题'; -- 取别名
+------------+
| 标题 |
+------------+
| 锄禾日当午 |
+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select ch,math,ch+math as '总分' from stu;
+------+------+------+
| ch | math | 总分 |
+------+------+------+
| 80 | NULL | NULL |
| 77 | 76 | 153 |
| 55 | 82 | 137 |
| NULL | 74 | NULL |
-- 多学一招:as可以省略
mysql> select ch,math,ch+math '总分' from stu;
+------+------+------+
| ch | math | 总分 |
+------+------+------+
| 80 | NULL | NULL |
| 77 | 76 | 153 |
| 55 | 82 | 137 |
| NULL | 74 | NULL |
from:来自,from后面跟的是数据源。数据源可以有多个。返回笛卡尔积。
插入测试表
create table t1(
str char(2)
);
insert into t1 values ('aa'),('bb');
create table t2(
num int
);
insert into t2 values (10),(20);
测试
-- from子句
mysql> select * from t1;
+------+
| str |
+------+
| aa |
| bb |
+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- 多个数据源,返回笛卡尔积
mysql> select * from t1,t2;
+------+------+
| str | num |
+------+------+
| aa | 10 |
| bb | 10 |
| aa | 20 |
| bb | 20 |
+------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
dual表是一个伪表。在有些特定情况下,没有具体的表的参与,但是为了保证select语句的完整又必须要一个表名,这时候就使用伪表。
mysql> select 10*10 as 结果 from dual;
+------+
| 结果 |
+------+
| 100 |
+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
where后面跟的是条件,在数据源中进行筛选。返回条件为真记录
MySQL支持的运算符
-- 比较运算符
> 大于
< 小于
>= 大于等于
<= 小于等于
= 等于
!= 不等于
-- 逻辑运算符
and 与
or 或
not 非
-- 其他
in | not in 字段的值在枚举范围内
between…and|not between…and 字段的值在数字范围内
is null | is not null 字段的值不为空
例题:
-- 查找语文成绩及格的学生
mysql> select * from stu where ch>=60;
-- 查询语文和数学都及格的学生
mysql> select * from stu where ch>=60 and math>=60;
-- 查询语文或数学不及格的学生
mysql> select * from stu where ch<60 or math<60;
思考:如下语句输出什么?
mysql> select * from stu where 1; -- 输出所有数据
mysql> select * from stu where 0; -- 不输出数据
思考:如何查找北京和上海的学生
-- 通过or实现
mysql> select * from stu where stuaddress='北京' or stuaddress='上海';
-- 通过in语句实现
mysql> select * from stu where stuaddress in ('北京','上海');
-- 查询不是北京和上海的学生
mysql> select * from stu where stuaddress not in ('北京','上海');
思考:查找年龄在20~25之间
-- 方法一:
mysql> select * from stu where stuage>=20 and stuage<=25;
-- 方法二:
mysql> select * from stu where not(stuage<20 or stuage>25);
-- 方法三:between...and...
mysql> select * from stu where stuage between 20 and 25;
-- 年龄不在20~25之间
mysql> select * from stu where stuage not between 20 and 25;
思考:
-- 查找缺考的学生
mysql> select * from stu where ch is null or math is null;
+--------+----------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
| stuNo | stuName | stuSex | stuAge | stuSeat | stuAddress | ch | math |
+--------+----------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
| s25301 | 张秋丽 | 男 | 18 | 1 | 北京 | 80 | NULL |
| s25304 | 欧阳俊雄 | 男 | 28 | 4 | 天津 | NULL | 74 |
+--------+----------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
-- 查找没有缺考的学生
mysql> select * from stu where ch is not null and math is not null;
+--------+----------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
| stuNo | stuName | stuSex | stuAge | stuSeat | stuAddress | ch | math |
+--------+----------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
| s25302 | 李文才 | 男 | 31 | 3 | 上海 | 77 | 76 |
| s25303 | 李斯文 | 女 | 22 | 2 | 北京 | 55 | 82 |
| s25305 | 诸葛丽丽 | 女 | 23 | 7 | 河南 | 72 | 56 |
| s25318 | 争青小子 | 男 | 26 | 6 | 天津 | 86 | 92 |
| s25319 | 梅超风 | 女 | 23 | 5 | 河北 | 74 | 67 |
| s25320 | Tom | 男 | 24 | 8 | 北京 | 65 | 67 |
| s25321 | Tabm | 女 | 23 | 9 | 河北 | 88 | 77 |
+--------+----------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- 查找需要补考的学生
mysql> select * from stu where ch<60 or math<60 or ch is null or math is null;
+--------+----------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
| stuNo | stuName | stuSex | stuAge | stuSeat | stuAddress | ch | math |
+--------+----------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
| s25301 | 张秋丽 | 男 | 18 | 1 | 北京 | 80 | NULL |
| s25303 | 李斯文 | 女 | 22 | 2 | 北京 | 55 | 82 |
| s25304 | 欧阳俊雄 | 男 | 28 | 4 | 天津 | NULL | 74 |
| s25305 | 诸葛丽丽 | 女 | 23 | 7 | 河南 | 72 | 56 |
+--------+----------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
练习:
-- 1、查找学号是s25301,s25302,s25303的学生
mysql> select * from stu where stuno in ('s25301','s25302','s25303');
+--------+---------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
| stuNo | stuName | stuSex | stuAge | stuSeat | stuAddress | ch | math |
+--------+---------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
| s25301 | 张秋丽 | 男 | 18 | 1 | 北京 | 80 | NULL |
| s25302 | 李文才 | 男 | 31 | 3 | 上海 | 77 | 76 |
| s25303 | 李斯文 | 女 | 22 | 2 | 北京 | 55 | 82 |
+--------+---------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- 2、查找年龄是18~20的学生
mysql> select * from stu where stuage between 18 and 20;
+--------+---------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
| stuNo | stuName | stuSex | stuAge | stuSeat | stuAddress | ch | math |
+--------+---------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
| s25301 | 张秋丽 | 男 | 18 | 1 | 北京 | 80 | NULL |
+--------+---------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
将查询的结果分组,分组查询目的在于统计数据。
-- 查询男生和女生的各自语文平均分
mysql> select stusex,avg(ch) '平均分' from stu group by stusex;
+--------+---------+
| stusex | 平均分 |
+--------+---------+
| 女 | 72.2500 |
| 男 | 77.0000 |
+--------+---------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- 查询男生和女生各自多少人
mysql> select stusex,count(*) 人数 from stu group by stusex;
+--------+------+
| stusex | 人数 |
+--------+------+
| 女 | 4 |
| 男 | 5 |
+--------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- 查询每个地区多少人
mysql> select stuaddress,count(*) from stu group by stuaddress;
+------------+----------+
| stuaddress | count(*) |
+------------+----------+
| 上海 | 1 |
| 北京 | 3 |
| 天津 | 2 |
| 河北 | 2 |
| 河南 | 1 |
+------------+----------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- 每个地区的数学平均分
mysql> select stuaddress,avg(math) from stu group by stuaddress;
+------------+-----------+
| stuaddress | avg(math) |
+------------+-----------+
| 上海 | 76.0000 |
| 北京 | 74.5000 |
| 天津 | 83.0000 |
| 河北 | 72.0000 |
| 河南 | 56.0000 |
+------------+-----------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
查询字段是普通字段,只取第一个值
通过group_concat()函数将同一组的值连接起来显示
mysql> select group_concat(stuname),stusex,avg(math) from stu group by stusex;
+-------------------------------------+--------+-----------+
| group_concat(stuname) | stusex | avg(math) |
+-------------------------------------+--------+-----------+
| 李斯文,诸葛丽丽,梅超风,Tabm | 女 | 70.5000 |
| 张秋丽,李文才,欧阳俊雄,争青小子,Tom | 男 | 77.2500 |
+-------------------------------------+--------+-----------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
多列分组
mysql> select stuaddress,stusex,avg(math) from stu group by stuaddress,stusex;
+------------+--------+-----------+
| stuaddress | stusex | avg(math) |
+------------+--------+-----------+
| 上海 | 男 | 76.0000 |
| 北京 | 女 | 82.0000 |
| 北京 | 男 | 67.0000 |
| 天津 | 男 | 83.0000 |
| 河北 | 女 | 72.0000 |
| 河南 | 女 | 56.0000 |
+------------+--------+-----------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
小结:
1、如果是分组查询,查询字段是分组字段和聚合函数。
2、查询字段是普通字段,只取第一个值
3、group_concat()将同一组的数据连接起来
asc:升序【默认】
desc:降序
-- 按年龄的升序排列
mysql> select * from stu order by stuage asc;
mysql> select * from stu order by stuage; -- 默认是升序
-- 按总分降序
mysql> select *,ch+math '总分' from stu order by ch+math desc;
多列排序
-- 年龄升序,如果年龄一样,按ch降序排列
mysql> select * from stu order by stuage asc,ch desc;
思考如下代码表示什么含义
select * from stu order by stuage desc,ch desc; #年龄降序,语文降序
select * from stu order by stuage desc,ch asc; #年龄降序,语文升序
select * from stu order by stuage,ch desc; #年龄升序、语文降序
select * from stu order by stuage,ch; #年龄升序、语文升序
having:是在结果集上进行条件筛选
例题
-- 查询女生
mysql> select * from stu where stusex='女';
+--------+----------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
| stuNo | stuName | stuSex | stuAge | stuSeat | stuAddress | ch | math |
+--------+----------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
| s25303 | 李斯文 | 女 | 22 | 2 | 北京 | 55 | 82 |
| s25305 | 诸葛丽丽 | 女 | 23 | 7 | 河南 | 72 | 56 |
| s25319 | 梅超风 | 女 | 23 | 5 | 河北 | 74 | 67 |
| s25321 | Tabm | 女 | 23 | 9 | 河北 | 88 | 77 |
+--------+----------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- 查询女生
mysql> select * from stu having stusex='女';
+--------+----------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
| stuNo | stuName | stuSex | stuAge | stuSeat | stuAddress | ch | math |
+--------+----------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
| s25303 | 李斯文 | 女 | 22 | 2 | 北京 | 55 | 82 |
| s25305 | 诸葛丽丽 | 女 | 23 | 7 | 河南 | 72 | 56 |
| s25319 | 梅超风 | 女 | 23 | 5 | 河北 | 74 | 67 |
| s25321 | Tabm | 女 | 23 | 9 | 河北 | 88 | 77 |
+--------+----------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- 查询女生姓名
mysql> select stuname from stu where stusex='女';
+----------+
| stuname |
+----------+
| 李斯文 |
| 诸葛丽丽 |
| 梅超风 |
| Tabm |
+----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- 使用having报错,因为结果集中没有stusex字段
mysql> select stuname from stu having stusex='女';
ERROR 1054 (42S22): Unknown column 'stusex' in 'having clause'
小结:having和where的区别:
where是对原始数据进行筛选,having是对记录集进行筛选。
语法:limit [起始位置],显示长度
-- 从第0个位置开始取,取3条记录
mysql> select * from stu limit 0,3;
-- 从第2个位置开始取,取3条记录
mysql> select * from stu limit 2,3;
+--------+----------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
| stuNo | stuName | stuSex | stuAge | stuSeat | stuAddress | ch | math |
+--------+----------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
| s25303 | 李斯文 | 女 | 22 | 2 | 北京 | 55 | 82 |
| s25304 | 欧阳俊雄 | 男 | 28 | 4 | 天津 | NULL | 74 |
| s25305 | 诸葛丽丽 | 女 | 23 | 7 | 河南 | 72 | 56 |
+--------+----------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
起始位置可以省略,默认是从0开始
mysql> select * from stu limit 3;
+--------+---------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
| stuNo | stuName | stuSex | stuAge | stuSeat | stuAddress | ch | math |
+--------+---------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
| s25301 | 张秋丽 | 男 | 18 | 1 | 北京 | 80 | NULL |
| s25302 | 李文才 | 男 | 31 | 3 | 上海 | 77 | 76 |
| s25303 | 李斯文 | 女 | 22 | 2 | 北京 | 55 | 82 |
+--------+---------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
例题:找出班级总分前三名
mysql> select *,ch+math total from stu order by (ch+math) desc limit 0,3;
+--------+----------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+-------+
| stuNo | stuName | stuSex | stuAge | stuSeat | stuAddress | ch | math | total |
+--------+----------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+-------+
| s25318 | 争青小子 | 男 | 26 | 6 | 天津 | 86 | 92 | 178 |
| s25321 | Tabm | 女 | 23 | 9 | 河北 | 88 | 77 | 165 |
| s25302 | 李文才 | 男 | 31 | 3 | 上海 | 77 | 76 | 153 |
+--------+----------+--------+--------+---------+------------+------+------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
多学一招:limit在update和delete语句中也是可以使用的。
-- 前3名语文成绩加1分
mysql> update stu set ch=ch+1 order by ch+math desc limit 3;
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 3 Changed: 3 Warnings: 0
-- 前3名删除
mysql> delete from stu order by ch+math desc limit 3;
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.00 sec)
查询语句中的选项有两个:
1、 all:显示所有数据 【默认】
2、 distinct:去除结果集中重复的数据
mysql> select all stuaddress from stu;
+------------+
| stuaddress |
+------------+
| 北京 |
| 北京 |
| 天津 |
| 河南 |
| 河北 |
| 北京 |
+------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
-- 去除重复的项
mysql> select distinct stuaddress from stu;
+------------+
| stuaddress |
+------------+
| 北京 |
| 天津 |
| 河南 |
| 河北 |
+------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)