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社区首页 >问答首页 >Maven: NoClassDefFoundError: NoClassDefFoundError

Maven: NoClassDefFoundError: NoClassDefFoundError
EN

Stack Overflow用户
提问于 2015-11-27 05:37:15
回答 7查看 47K关注 0票数 19

我有个类路径问题。

  • 背景:构建和运行Spring WebApp。
  • 最初它是一个很大的项目,包括道/服务/控制器/webapp。
  • 我刚刚将我的项目分解成一个maven模块项目,基本上将webapp从道层和服务层分割开来。
  • 现在我的webapp junit测试没有运行。
  • junit代码没有改变,我也不认为依赖项已经改变(尽管变化了)。
  • Spring测试在我的本地存储库中。
  • Spring-test在我的单元测试运行时类路径中(使用mvn调试日志来检查)
  • 我没有其他的类路径问题。所有dao模块测试都运行良好。

然而,我得到

代码语言:javascript
复制
java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: Could not initialize class
org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.

我将张贴我的父母和孩子的pom.xml。如果有人有建议的话,我会非常感激的。

亲本Pom.xml

代码语言:javascript
复制
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 
                             http://maven.apache.org/maven-v4_0_0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

    <groupId>jake</groupId>


    <artifactId>prototype3</artifactId>
    <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
    <packaging>pom</packaging>


    <modules>
        <module>prototype3.model</module>
        <module>prototype3.service</module>
        <module>prototype3.testadmin.webapp</module>
    </modules>

    <properties>
        <spring.version>4.1.6.RELEASE</spring.version>
        <thymeleaf.version>2.1.4.RELEASE</thymeleaf.version>
        <webflow.version>2.4.0.RELEASE</webflow.version>
        <internalrepo.dir>C:\Users\jake\_servers\internalRepository</internalrepo.dir>
    </properties>


    <distributionManagement>
        <repository>
            <id>internal.repo</id>
            <name>Temporary Staging Repository</name>
            <url>file://${internalrepo.dir}</url>
        </repository>
    </distributionManagement>


    <dependencyManagement>
        <dependencies>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-core</artifactId>
                <version>${spring.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>javax.servlet</groupId>
                <artifactId>javax.servlet-api</artifactId>
                <version>3.1.0</version>
            </dependency>


            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-beans</artifactId>
                <version>${spring.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-tx</artifactId>
                <version>${spring.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-web</artifactId>
                <version>${spring.version}</version>
            </dependency>

            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-context</artifactId>
                <version>${spring.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-webmvc</artifactId>
                <version>${spring.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-test</artifactId>
                <version>${spring.version}</version>
            </dependency>

            <!-- Spring Web Flow -->
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.springframework.webflow</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-webflow</artifactId>
                <version>${webflow.version}</version>
                <exclusions>
                    <exclusion>
                        <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
                        <artifactId>spring-core</artifactId>
                    </exclusion>
                    <exclusion>
                        <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
                        <artifactId>spring-webmvc</artifactId>
                    </exclusion>
                    <exclusion>
                        <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
                        <artifactId>spring-context</artifactId>
                    </exclusion>
                    <exclusion>
                        <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
                        <artifactId>spring-beans</artifactId>
                    </exclusion>
                    <exclusion>
                        <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
                        <artifactId>spring-web</artifactId>
                    </exclusion>
                    <exclusion>
                        <groupId>commons-logging</groupId>
                        <artifactId>commons-logging</artifactId>
                    </exclusion>
                    <exclusion>
                        <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
                        <artifactId>spring-expression</artifactId>
                    </exclusion>
                    <exclusion>
                        <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
                        <artifactId>spring-web</artifactId>
                    </exclusion>
                    <exclusion>
                        <groupId>org.springframework.webflow</groupId>
                        <artifactId>spring-js</artifactId>
                    </exclusion>
                </exclusions>
            </dependency>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.springframework.webflow</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-js</artifactId>
                <version>2.4.1.RELEASE</version>
                <exclusions>
                    <exclusion>
                        <groupId>commons-logging</groupId>
                        <artifactId>commons-logging</artifactId>
                    </exclusion>
                    <exclusion>
                        <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
                        <artifactId>spring-core</artifactId>
                    </exclusion>
                    <exclusion>
                        <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
                        <artifactId>spring-webmvc</artifactId>
                    </exclusion>
                    <exclusion>
                        <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
                        <artifactId>spring-context</artifactId>
                    </exclusion>
                    <exclusion>
                        <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
                        <artifactId>spring-beans</artifactId>
                    </exclusion>
                    <exclusion>
                        <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
                        <artifactId>spring-web</artifactId>
                    </exclusion>
                </exclusions>
            </dependency>


            <!-- javax -->
            <dependency>
                <groupId>javax.el</groupId>
                <artifactId>javax.el-api</artifactId>
                <version>2.2.4</version>
            </dependency>


            <!-- Spring ORM support -->
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-orm</artifactId>
                <version>${spring.version}</version>
            </dependency>

            <!-- -hibernate -->
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.hibernate</groupId>
                <artifactId>hibernate-core</artifactId>
                <version>4.3.10.Final</version>
                <exclusions>
                    <exclusion>
                        <groupId>org.javassist</groupId>
                        <artifactId>javassist</artifactId>
                    </exclusion>
                </exclusions>
            </dependency>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.postgresql</groupId>
                <artifactId>postgresql</artifactId>
                <version>9.4-1200-jdbc41</version>
                <exclusions>
                    <exclusion>
                        <groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
                        <artifactId>slf4j-simple</artifactId>
                    </exclusion>
                    <exclusion>
                        <groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
                        <artifactId>slf4j-api</artifactId>
                    </exclusion>
                </exclusions>
            </dependency>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>log4j</groupId>
                <artifactId>log4j</artifactId>
                <version>1.2.14</version>
            </dependency>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.hibernate</groupId>
                <artifactId>hibernate-c3p0</artifactId>
                <version>4.3.10.Final</version>
            </dependency>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.hibernate</groupId>
                <artifactId>hibernate-validator</artifactId>
                <version>5.1.3.Final</version>
            </dependency>


            <!-- Hibernate uses slf4j for logging, for our purposes here use the simple 
                backend -->
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
                <artifactId>slf4j-simple</artifactId>
                <version>1.7.12</version>
            </dependency>

            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.javassist</groupId>
                <artifactId>javassist</artifactId>
                <version>3.19.0-GA</version>
            </dependency>

            <dependency>
                <groupId>javax.servlet</groupId>
                <artifactId>jstl</artifactId>
                <version>1.2</version>
                <scope>runtime</scope>
            </dependency>

            <dependency>
                <groupId>taglibs</groupId>
                <artifactId>standard</artifactId>
                <version>1.1.2</version>
                <scope>runtime</scope>
            </dependency>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.apache.commons</groupId>
                <artifactId>commons-collections4</artifactId>
                <version>4.0</version>
            </dependency>


            <dependency>
                <groupId>junit</groupId>
                <artifactId>junit</artifactId>
                <version>4.12</version>
                <scope>test</scope>
            </dependency>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>2.18.1</version>
                <exclusions>
                    <exclusion>
                        <groupId>junit</groupId>
                        <artifactId>junit</artifactId>
                    </exclusion>
                    <exclusion>
                        <groupId>org.codehaus.plexus</groupId>
                        <artifactId>plexus-utils</artifactId>
                    </exclusion>
                    <exclusion>
                        <groupId>org.apache.maven</groupId>
                        <artifactId>maven-artifact</artifactId>
                    </exclusion>
                    <exclusion>
                        <groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
                        <artifactId>slf4j-api</artifactId>
                    </exclusion>
                    <exclusion>
                        <groupId>org.codehaus.plexus</groupId>
                        <artifactId>plexus-container-default</artifactId>
                    </exclusion>
                    <exclusion>
                        <groupId>commons-httpclient</groupId>
                        <artifactId>commons-httpclient</artifactId>
                    </exclusion>
                </exclusions>
                <type>maven-plugin</type>
                <scope>test</scope>
            </dependency>

            <!-- Json -->
            <dependency>
                <groupId>com.fasterxml.jackson.dataformat</groupId>
                <artifactId>jackson-dataformat-xml</artifactId>
                <version>2.4.3</version>
            </dependency>

            <!-- thymeleaf -->
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.thymeleaf</groupId>
                <artifactId>thymeleaf-spring4</artifactId>
                <version>${thymeleaf.version}</version>
                <exclusions>
                    <exclusion>
                        <groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
                        <artifactId>slf4j-api</artifactId>
                    </exclusion>
                </exclusions>
            </dependency>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.thymeleaf</groupId>
                <artifactId>thymeleaf</artifactId>
                <version>${thymeleaf.version}</version>
                <exclusions>
                    <exclusion>
                        <groupId>org.javassist</groupId>
                        <artifactId>javassist</artifactId>
                    </exclusion>
                    <exclusion>
                        <groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
                        <artifactId>slf4j-api</artifactId>
                    </exclusion>
                </exclusions>
            </dependency>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.thymeleaf.extras</groupId>
                <artifactId>thymeleaf-extras-tiles2</artifactId>
                <version>2.1.1.RELEASE</version>
                <exclusions>
                    <exclusion>
                        <groupId>org.thymeleaf</groupId>
                        <artifactId>thymeleaf</artifactId>
                    </exclusion>
                    <exclusion>
                        <groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
                        <artifactId>slf4j-api</artifactId>
                    </exclusion>
                    <exclusion>
                        <groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
                        <artifactId>jcl-over-slf4j</artifactId>
                    </exclusion>
                </exclusions>
            </dependency>

            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.thymeleaf.extras</groupId>
                <artifactId>thymeleaf-extras-tiles2-spring4</artifactId>
                <version>2.1.1.RELEASE</version>
                <exclusions>
                    <exclusion>
                        <groupId>org.thymeleaf</groupId>
                        <artifactId>thymeleaf-spring4</artifactId>
                    </exclusion>
                    <exclusion>
                        <groupId>org.thymeleaf</groupId>
                        <artifactId>thymeleaf</artifactId>
                    </exclusion>
                    <exclusion>
                        <groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
                        <artifactId>slf4j-api</artifactId>
                    </exclusion>
                </exclusions>
            </dependency>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>commons-codec</groupId>
                <artifactId>commons-codec</artifactId>
                <version>1.10</version>
            </dependency>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>commons-fileupload</groupId>
                <artifactId>commons-fileupload</artifactId>
                <version>1.3.1</version>
            </dependency>

<!--  Our Own-->
            <dependency>
                <groupId>jake</groupId>
                <artifactId>prototype3.model</artifactId>
                <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
            </dependency>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>jake</groupId>
                <artifactId>prototype3.service</artifactId>
                <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
            </dependency>



        </dependencies>
    </dependencyManagement>
</project>

儿童

代码语言:javascript
复制
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    <parent>
        <groupId>jake</groupId>
        <artifactId>prototype3</artifactId>
        <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
    </parent>
    <artifactId>prototype3.testadmin.webapp</artifactId>

    <properties>
        <deploy.directory>C:\Users\jake\_servers\tc8\webapps</deploy.directory>
        <deploy.name>prototype3</deploy.name>
        <l4j.test>C:\Users\jake\__workspace\prototype3\prototype3.testadmin.webapp\src\main\resources</l4j.test>
        <webinf.dir>C:\Users\jake\__workspace\prototype3\prototype3.testadmin.webapp\WebContent\WEB-INF</webinf.dir>
        <devroot.directory>C:\Users\jake\__workspace\prototype3\prototype3.testadmin.webapp\</devroot.directory>
    </properties>

    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-core</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>javax.servlet</groupId>
            <artifactId>javax.servlet-api</artifactId>
        </dependency>


        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-beans</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-tx</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-web</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-context</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-webmvc</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-test</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <!-- Spring Web Flow -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.webflow</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-webflow</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.webflow</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-js</artifactId>
        </dependency>


        <!-- javax -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>javax.el</groupId>
            <artifactId>javax.el-api</artifactId>
        </dependency>


        <!-- Spring ORM support -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-orm</artifactId>
        </dependency>



        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.javassist</groupId>
            <artifactId>javassist</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>javax.servlet</groupId>
            <artifactId>jstl</artifactId>
            <scope>runtime</scope>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>taglibs</groupId>
            <artifactId>standard</artifactId>
            <scope>runtime</scope>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.apache.commons</groupId>
            <artifactId>commons-collections4</artifactId>
        </dependency>


        <dependency>
            <groupId>junit</groupId>
            <artifactId>junit</artifactId>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>


        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
            <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
            <type>maven-plugin</type>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>

        <!-- Json -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.fasterxml.jackson.dataformat</groupId>
            <artifactId>jackson-dataformat-xml</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <!-- thymeleaf -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.thymeleaf</groupId>
            <artifactId>thymeleaf-spring4</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.thymeleaf</groupId>
            <artifactId>thymeleaf</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.thymeleaf.extras</groupId>
            <artifactId>thymeleaf-extras-tiles2</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.thymeleaf.extras</groupId>
            <artifactId>thymeleaf-extras-tiles2-spring4</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>commons-codec</groupId>
            <artifactId>commons-codec</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>commons-fileupload</groupId>
            <artifactId>commons-fileupload</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
            <artifactId>slf4j-simple</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <!-- Our own -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>jake</groupId>
            <artifactId>prototype3.model</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>jake</groupId>
            <artifactId>prototype3.service</artifactId>
        </dependency>

    </dependencies>




    <build>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>3.3</version>
                <configuration>
                    <source>1.8</source>
                    <target>1.8</target>
                </configuration>
            </plugin>



            <plugin>
                <artifactId>maven-war-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>2.6</version>
                <configuration>
                    <warSourceDirectory>WebContent</warSourceDirectory>
                    <failOnMissingWebXml>false</failOnMissingWebXml>
                    <outputDirectory>${deploy.directory}</outputDirectory>
                    <webResources>
                        <!-- <resource> <directory>src\main\resources</directory> </resource> -->
                    </webResources>
                </configuration>
            </plugin>

            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                <artifactId>maven-enforcer-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>1.4</version>
                <executions>
                    <execution>
                        <id>enforce</id>
                        <configuration>
                            <rules>
                                <DependencyConvergence />
                            </rules>
                        </configuration>
                        <goals>
                            <goal>enforce</goal>
                        </goals>
                    </execution>
                </executions>
            </plugin>

            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>2.18.1</version>
                <configuration>
                    <includes>
                        <include>**/A01TestSuite.java</include>
                        <include>**/ServiceTestSuite.java</include>
                        <include>**/ZFlowTestSuite.java</include>
                    </includes>
                    <additionalClasspathElements>
                        <additionalClasspathElement>${webinf.dir}</additionalClasspathElement>
                    </additionalClasspathElements>
                    <systemPropertyVariables>
                        <log4j.configuration>file:${l4j.test}/log4j.test.properties</log4j.configuration>
                    </systemPropertyVariables>

                </configuration>
            </plugin>

            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                <artifactId>maven-clean-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>2.6.1</version>
                <configuration>
                    <followSymLinks>false</followSymLinks>
                    <filesets>
                        <fileset>
                            <directory>${deploy.directory}/${deploy.name}</directory>
                            <includes>
                                <include>**/*</include>
                            </includes>
                        </fileset>
                        <fileset>
                            <directory>${devroot.directory}/target</directory>
                            <includes>
                                <include>**/*</include>
                            </includes>
                        </fileset>
                        <fileset>
                            <directory>${deploy.directory}</directory>
                            <includes>
                                <include>${deploy.name}.war</include>
                                <include>${deploy.name}</include>
                            </includes>
                        </fileset>
                    </filesets>
                </configuration>
            </plugin>

        </plugins>
        <finalName>${deploy.name}</finalName>
    </build>




</project>

更新

测试运行: 1,失败: 0,错误: 1,跳过: 0,时间流逝: 0.002秒,jake.prototype2.test.testrunner.ServiceTestSuite initializationError(jake.prototype2.test.service.UserAdminServiceTest)时间流逝: 0.002秒<<<错误!无法初始化类org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringJUnit4ClassRunner在sun.reflect.NativeConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance0(Native方法)在sun.reflect.NativeConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance(Unknown源)在sun.reflect.DelegatingConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance(Unknown源)在java.lang.reflect.Constructor.newInstance(Unknown源)在org.junit.internal.builders.AnnotatedBuilder.buildRunner(AnnotatedBuilder.java:104) at org.junit.internal.builders.AnnotatedBuilder.runnerForClass( org.junit.runners.model.RunnerBuilder.safeRunnerForClass(RunnerBuilder.java:59) at org.junit.internal.builders.AllDefaultPossibilitiesBuilder.runnerForClass(AllDefaultPossibilitiesBuilder.java:26) at org.junit.runners.model.RunnerBuilder.safeRunnerForClass(RunnerBuilder.java:59) at org.junit.runners.model.RunnerBuilder.runners(RunnerBuilder.java:101) at org.junit.runners.model.RunnerBuilder.runners(RunnerBuilder.java:87) )在org.junit.runners.Suite.(Suite.java:10 )

EN

回答 7

Stack Overflow用户

回答已采纳

发布于 2016-12-21 16:06:06

在一条评论中,您已经说过项目会编译,但是测试不会运行。Maven我也犯了同样的错误,但经过一番调查,我知道:

代码语言:javascript
复制
java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: Could not initialize class
org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.

由下列原因引起:

代码语言:javascript
复制
java.lang.IllegalStateException: SpringJUnit4ClassRunner requires JUnit 4.12 or higher.
    at org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.<clinit>

这是因为maven-surefire-plugin没有从类路径中选择测试框架提供程序,而是提供了自己过时的junit提供程序。

我通过指定JUnit工件名来消除错误:

代码语言:javascript
复制
<plugins>
...
    <plugin>
        <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
        <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
        <version>{your.surefire.version}</version>
        <configuration>
            <junitArtifactName> junit:junit:{your.junit.version} </junitArtifactName>
        </configuration>
    </plugin>
...
</plugins>
票数 21
EN

Stack Overflow用户

发布于 2016-10-04 01:57:52

我不知道为什么,但在我的例子中,spring starter附带了junit 4.10,我发现它是用4.12编译的,所以在add之后

代码语言:javascript
复制
 <dependency> 
        <groupId>junit</groupId>
        <artifactId>junit</artifactId>
        <version>4.12</version> 
</dependency>

效果很好。可能是弹簧启动的pom中的错误配置

票数 27
EN

Stack Overflow用户

发布于 2016-07-18 07:01:25

对于任何关注这个问题的人来说,我都有一个类似的问题,这个问题与日志驱动冲突有关,这个冲突是在spring中从maven传递依赖项中提取出来的。一旦我排除了spring启动日志,它就解决了这个问题。

由于日志记录冲突,SpringJUnit4ClassRunner很可能无法在类加载器中初始化,因此在代码的另一个点抛出了NoClassDefFoundError。

票数 8
EN
页面原文内容由Stack Overflow提供。腾讯云小微IT领域专用引擎提供翻译支持
原文链接:

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/33950862

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