PostgreSQL介绍和PostgreSQL包安装

ETHNAME=`ip addr | awk -F"[ :]" '/^2/{print $3}'`

# IP变量是ip地址，PREFIX变量是子网掩码位数；GATEWAY变量是网关地址；PRIMARY_DNS变量是主DNS，BACKUP_DNS变量是备用DNS，根据自己的需求修改。
IP=172.31.0.10
PREFIX=21
GATEWAY=172.31.0.2
PRIMARY_DNS=223.5.5.5
BACKUP_DNS=180.76.76.76

cat > /etc/NetworkManager/system-connections/${ETHNAME}.nmconnection <<-EOF
[connection]
id=${ETHNAME}
type=ethernet
interface-name=${ETHNAME}

[ipv4]
address1=${IP}/${PREFIX},${GATEWAY}
dns=${PRIMARY_DNS};${BACKUP_DNS};
method=manual
EOF

cat > /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-${ETHNAME} <<-EOF
NAME=${ETHNAME}
DEVICE=${ETHNAME}
ONBOOT=yes
BOOTPROTO=none
TYPE=Ethernet
IPADDR=${IP}
PREFIX=${PREFIX}
GATEWAY=${GATEWAY}
DNS1=${PRIMARY_DNS}
DNS2=${BACKUP_DNS}
EOF

# Ubuntu Server 18.04 LTS
cat > /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml <<-EOF
network:
  version: 2
  renderer: networkd
  ethernets:
    ${ETHNAME}:
      dhcp4: no
      dhcp6: no
      addresses: [${IP}/${PREFIX}] 
      gateway4: ${GATEWAY}
      nameservers:
        addresses: [${PRIMARY_DNS}, ${BACKUP_DNS}]

# Ubuntu Server 20.04 LTS
cat > /etc/netplan/00-installer-config.yaml <<-EOF
network:
  version: 2
  renderer: networkd
  ethernets:
    ${ETHNAME}:
      dhcp4: no
      dhcp6: no
      addresses: [${IP}/${PREFIX}] 
      gateway4: ${GATEWAY}
      nameservers:
        addresses: [${PRIMARY_DNS}, ${BACKUP_DNS}]
EOF

# Ubuntu Server 22.04/24.04 LTS
cat > /etc/netplan/50-cloud-init.yaml <<-EOF
network:
  version: 2
  renderer: networkd
  ethernets:
    ${ETHNAME}:
      dhcp4: no
      dhcp6: no
      addresses: [${IP}/${PREFIX}]
      routes:
        - to: default
          via: ${GATEWAY}
      nameservers:
        addresses: [${PRIMARY_DNS}, ${BACKUP_DNS}]
EOF

sed -ri -e "s/allow-hotplug/auto/g" -e "s/dhcp/static/g" /etc/network/interfaces
sed -i '/static/a\address '${IP}'/'${PREFIX}'\ngateway '${GATEWAY}'\ndns-nameservers '${PRIMARY_DNS}' '${BACKUP_DNS}'\n' /etc/network/interfaces

cat > /etc/sysconfig/network/ifcfg-${ETHNAME} <<-EOF
STARTMODE='auto'
BOOTPROTO='static'
IPADDR='${IP}/${PREFIX}'
EOF
touch /etc/sysconfig/network/routes
cat > /etc/sysconfig/network/routes  <<-EOF
default ${GATEWAY} - -
EOF
sed -ri  's/(NETCONFIG_DNS_STATIC_SERVERS=).*/\1"'${PRIMARY_DNS}' '${BACKUP_DNS}'"/g' /etc/sysconfig/network/config

# 阿里云镜像站Rocky系统镜像源地址是：mirrors.aliyun.com/rockylinux，火山引擎镜像站Rocky系统镜像源地址是：mirrors.volces.com/rockylinux，后面地址是rockylinux，使用下面命令执行
MIRROR=mirrors.aliyun.com
sed -i.bak -e 's|^mirrorlist=|#mirrorlist=|g' -e 's|^#baseurl=http://dl.rockylinux.org/$contentdir|baseurl=https://'${MIRROR}'/rockylinux|g' /etc/yum.repos.d/[Rr]ocky*.repo

# 搜狐镜像站Rocky系统镜像源地址是：mirrors.sohu.com/Rocky，后面地址是Rocky，使用下面命令执行
MIRROR=mirrors.sohu.com
sed -i.bak -e 's|^mirrorlist=|#mirrorlist=|g' -e 's|^#baseurl=http://'${OLD_MIRROR}'/$contentdir|baseurl=https://'${MIRROR}'/Rocky|g' /etc/yum.repos.d/[Rr]ocky*.repo

# 其余镜像站Rocky系统镜像源地址后面地址都是rocky，使用下面命令执行
MIRROR=mirrors.tencent.com
sed -i.bak -e 's|^mirrorlist=|#mirrorlist=|g' -e 's|^#baseurl=http://dl.rockylinux.org/$contentdir|baseurl=https://'${MIRROR}'/rocky|g' /etc/yum.repos.d/[Rr]ocky*.repo

dnf clean all && dnf makecache

MIRROR=mirrors.tencent.com
OLD_MIRROR=$(sed -rn '/^.*baseurl=/s@.*=http.*://(.*)/(.*)/\$releasever/.*/$@\1@p' /etc/yum.repos.d/almalinux*.repo | head -1)
sed -i.bak -e 's|^mirrorlist=|#mirrorlist=|g' -e 's|^# baseurl=https://'${OLD_MIRROR}'|baseurl=https://'${MIRROR}'|g' /etc/yum.repos.d/almalinux*.repo

cat update_mirror.pl
#!/usr/bin/perl

use strict;
use warnings;
use autodie;

# 要修改镜像源，请去修改url变量！
my $url = 'mirrors.aliyun.com';
my $mirrors = "https://$url/centos-stream";

if (@ARGV < 1) {
    die "Usage: $0 <filename1> <filename2> ...\n";
}

while (my $filename = shift @ARGV) {
    my $backup_filename = $filename . '.bak';
    rename $filename, $backup_filename;

    open my $input, "<", $backup_filename;
    open my $output, ">", $filename;

    while (<$input>) {
        s/^metalink/# metalink/;

        if (m/^name/) {
            my (undef, $repo, $arch) = split /-/;
            $repo =~ s/^\s+|\s+$//g;
            ($arch = defined $arch ? lc($arch) : '') =~ s/^\s+|\s+$//g;

            if ($repo =~ /^Extras/) {
                $_ .= "baseurl=${mirrors}/SIGs/\$releasever-stream/extras" . ($arch eq 'source' ? "/${arch}/" : "/\$basearch/") . "extras-common\n";
            } else {
                $_ .= "baseurl=${mirrors}/\$releasever-stream/$repo" . ($arch eq 'source' ? "/" : "/\$basearch/") . ($arch ne '' ? "${arch}/tree/" : "os") . "\n";
            }
        }

        print $output $_;
    }
}

rpm -q perl &> /dev/null || { echo -e "\\033[01;31m "安装perl工具,请稍等..."\033[0m";yum -y install perl ; }

perl ./update_mirror.pl /etc/yum.repos.d/centos*.repo

dnf clean all && dnf makecache

MIRROR=mirrors.aliyun.com
sed -i.bak -e 's|^mirrorlist=|#mirrorlist=|g' -e 's|^#baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/$contentdir|baseurl=https://'${MIRROR}'/centos-vault|g' /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-*.repo

dnf clean all && dnf makecache

MIRROR=mirrors.aliyun.com
OS_RELEASE_FULL_VERSION=`cat /etc/centos-release | sed -rn 's/^(CentOS Linux release )(.*)( \(Core\))/\2/p'`
sed -i.bak -e 's|^mirrorlist=|#mirrorlist=|g' -e 's|^#baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/centos|baseurl=https://'${MIRROR}'/centos-vault|g' -e "s/\$releasever/${OS_RELEASE_FULL_VERSION}/g" /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-*.repo

yum clean all && yum makecache

MIRROR=mirrors.aliyun.com
sed -ri "s@^(URIs: )(http.*://)(.*)(/ubuntu).?@\1https://${MIRROR}\4@g" /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ubuntu.sources

apt update

MIRROR=mirrors.aliyun.com
OLD_MIRROR=`sed -rn "s@^deb http(.*)://(.*)/ubuntu/? $(lsb_release -cs) main.*@\2@p" /etc/apt/sources.list`
SECURITY_MIRROR=`sed -rn "s@^deb http(.*)://(.*)/ubuntu.* $(lsb_release -cs)-security main.*@\2@p" /etc/apt/sources.list`
sed -i.bak -e 's@http.*://'${OLD_MIRROR}'@https://'${MIRROR}'@g' -e 's@http.*://'${SECURITY_MIRROR}'@https://'${MIRROR}'@g' /etc/apt/sources.list

apt update

MIRROR=mirrors.aliyun.com
OLD_MIRROR=`sed -rn "s@^deb http(.*)://(.*)/debian/? $(lsb_release -cs) main.*@\2@p" /etc/apt/sources.list`
SECURITY_MIRROR=`sed -rn "s@^deb http(.*)://(.*)/debian-security $(lsb_release -cs)-security main.*@\2@p" /etc/apt/sources.list`
sed -ri.bak -e 's/'${OLD_MIRROR}'/'${MIRROR}'/g' -e 's/'${SECURITY_MIRROR}'/'${MIRROR}'/g' -e 's/^(deb cdrom.*)/#\1/g' /etc/apt/sources.list

apt update

MIRROR=mirrors.aliyun.com
OLD_MIRROR=$(awk -F'/' '/^baseurl=/{print $3}' /etc/yum.repos.d/openEuler.repo | head -1)
sed -i.bak -e 's|^metalink=|#metalink=|g' -e 's|http.*://'${OLD_MIRROR}'|https://'${MIRROR}'/openeuler|g' /etc/yum.repos.d/openEuler.repo

dnf clean all && dnf makecache

OLD_MIRROR=$(sed -rn '/^.*baseurl=/s@.*=http.*://(.*)/(.*)/\$releasever/.*/$@\1@p' /etc/yum.repos.d/AnolisOS*.repo | head -1)

# 中国科学院软件研究所镜像站AnolisOS系统镜像源地址是：mirror.iscas.ac.cn/openanolis，后面地址是openanolis，使用下面命令执行
MIRROR=mirror.iscas.ac.cn
sed -i.bak -e 's|http.*://'${OLD_MIRROR}'/anolis|https://'${MIRROR}'/openanolis|g' /etc/yum.repos.d/AnolisOS*.repo

# 其余镜像站AnolisOS系统镜像源地址后面地址都是anolis，使用下面命令执行
MIRROR=mirrors.aliyun.com
sed -i.bak -e 's|http.*://'${OLD_MIRROR}'/anolis|https://'${MIRROR}'/anolis|g' /etc/yum.repos.d/AnolisOS*.repo

dnf clean all && dnf makecache

MIRROR=mirrors.tencent.com
OLD_MIRROR=$(awk -F'/' '/^baseurl=/{print $3}' /etc/yum.repos.d/OpenCloudOS*.repo | head -1)
sed -i.bak -e 's|http.*://'${OLD_MIRROR}'|https://'${MIRROR}'|g' /etc/yum.repos.d/OpenCloudOS*.repo

dnf clean all && dnf makecache

MIRROR=mirrors.aliyun.com
OLD_MIRROR=$(awk -F'/' '/^baseurl=/{print $3}' /etc/zypp/repos.d/repo-*.repo | head -1)
sed -i.bak 's|http.*://'${OLD_MIRROR}'|https://'${MIRROR}'/opensuse|g' /etc/zypp/repos.d/repo-*.repo

zypper clean && zypper refresh

# Rocky、Almalinux、CentOS、openEuler、AnolisOS、OpenCloudOS、openSUSE、Kylin Server、UOS Server
systemctl disable --now firewalld

# CentOS 7还要执行下面命令
systemctl disable --now NetworkManager

# Ubuntu
systemctl disable --now ufw

# Debian默认没有安装防火墙，不用设置

# Rocky、Almalinux、CentOS、openEuler、AnolisOS、OpenCloudOS、Kylin Server、UOS Server
setenforce 0
sed -i 's#SELINUX=enforcing#SELINUX=disabled#g' /etc/selinux/config

# Ubuntu、Debian和openSUSE默认没有安装SELinux，不用设置

# openSUSE发行版默认不启用SELinux，而是使用AppArmor来提供强制访问控制（MAC）功能，需要禁用AppArmor。
systemctl disable --now apparmor

timedatectl set-timezone Asia/Shanghai
echo 'Asia/Shanghai' >/etc/timezone

# Ubuntu还要设置下面内容
cat >> /etc/default/locale <<-EOF
LC_TIME=en_DK.UTF-8
EOF

cat > /etc/sysctl.conf <<EOF 
kernel.shmmax = 68719476736
kernel.shmall = 4294967296
kernel.shmmni = 4096
kernel.sem = 50100 64128000 50100 1280
fs.file-max = 7672460
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 9000 65000
net.core.rmem_default = 1048576
net.core.rmem_max = 4194304
net.core.wmem_default = 262144
net.core.wmem_max = 1048576
EOF

sysctl -p

cat > /etc/security/limits.conf <<EOF
*	- nofile 100000
*	- nproc 100000
*	- memlock 60000
EOF

[root@rocky10 ~]# yum list postgresql-server --showduplicates
Last metadata expiration check: 0:01:09 ago on Mon 08 Sep 2025 12:24:57 PM CST.
Available Packages
postgresql-server.x86_64                                 16.8-1.el10_0                                  appstream
postgresql-server.x86_64                                 16.10-1.el10_0                                 appstream

[root@rocky10 ~]# yum -y install postgresql-server

# 默认无法启动
[root@rocky10 ~]# systemctl start postgresql
Job for postgresql.service failed because the control process exited with error code.
See "systemctl status postgresql.service" and "journalctl -xeu postgresql.service" for details.

# 看日志提示做初始化
[root@rocky10 ~]# tail -f /var/log/messages 
Sep  8 12:27:04 rocky10 systemd[1]: Finished man-db-cache-update.service.
Sep  8 12:27:04 rocky10 systemd[1]: run-p1373-i1673.service: Deactivated successfully.
Sep  8 12:27:27 rocky10 systemd[1]: Starting postgresql.service - PostgreSQL database server...
Sep  8 12:27:27 rocky10 postgresql-check-db-dir[1426]: Directory "/var/lib/pgsql/data" is missing or empty. # 提示，目录“/var/lib/pgsql/data”缺失或为空。
Sep  8 12:27:27 rocky10 postgresql-check-db-dir[1426]: Use "/usr/bin/postgresql-setup --initdb" # 提示，使用“/usr/bin/postgresql-setup --initdb”
Sep  8 12:27:27 rocky10 postgresql-check-db-dir[1426]: to initialize the database cluster.
Sep  8 12:27:27 rocky10 postgresql-check-db-dir[1426]: See /usr/share/doc/postgresql16/README.rpm-dist for more information.
Sep  8 12:27:27 rocky10 systemd[1]: postgresql.service: Control process exited, code=exited, status=1/FAILURE
Sep  8 12:27:27 rocky10 systemd[1]: postgresql.service: Failed with result 'exit-code'.
Sep  8 12:27:27 rocky10 systemd[1]: Failed to start postgresql.service - PostgreSQL database server.

# 可以看到数据目录是空的
[root@rocky10 ~]# ls /var/lib/pgsql/data

# 初始化数据库
[root@rocky10 ~]# postgresql-setup --initdb
 * Initializing database in '/var/lib/pgsql/data'
 * Initialized, logs are in /var/lib/pgsql/initdb_postgresql.log

# 现在数据目录有文件了
[root@rocky10 ~]# ls /var/lib/pgsql/data
base    pg_commit_ts  pg_ident.conf  pg_notify    pg_snapshots  pg_subtrans  PG_VERSION  postgresql.auto.conf
global  pg_dynshmem   pg_logical     pg_replslot  pg_stat       pg_tblspc    pg_wal      postgresql.conf
log     pg_hba.conf   pg_multixact   pg_serial    pg_stat_tmp   pg_twophase  pg_xact

[root@rocky10 ~]# systemctl enable --now  postgresql

# 验证成功
[root@rocky10 ~]# sudo -u postgres psql -c "SELECT version();"
                                                    version                                                    
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 PostgreSQL 16.10 on x86_64-redhat-linux-gnu, compiled by gcc (GCC) 14.2.1 20250110 (Red Hat 14.2.1-7), 64-bit
(1 row)

[root@rocky10 ~]# su - postgres
[postgres@rocky10 ~]$ psql
psql (16.10)
Type "help" for help.

postgres=# help
You are using psql, the command-line interface to PostgreSQL.
Type:  \copyright for distribution terms
       \h for help with SQL commands
       \? for help with psql commands
       \g or terminate with semicolon to execute query
       \q to quit
postgres=# \q

# 安装存储库RPM
sudo dnf install -y https://download.postgresql.org/pub/repos/yum/reporpms/EL-10-x86_64/pgdg-redhat-repo-latest.noarch.rpm

# 禁用内置的postgresql
sudo dnf -qy module disable postgresql

# 替换国内镜像源
[root@rocky10 ~]# sed -i.bak 's|download.postgresql.org/pub|mirrors.nju.edu.cn/postgresql|g' /etc/yum.repos.d/pgdg-redhat-all.repo

[root@rocky10 ~]# yum list postgresql*-server --showduplicates
Last metadata expiration check: 0:23:29 ago on Mon 08 Sep 2025 01:58:12 PM CST.
Available Packages
postgresql-server.x86_64                                16.8-1.el10_0                                   appstream
postgresql-server.x86_64                                16.10-1.el10_0                                  appstream
postgresql13-server.x86_64                              13.21-2PGDG.rhel10                              pgdg13   
postgresql13-server.x86_64                              13.22-1PGDG.rhel10                              pgdg13   
postgresql14-server.x86_64                              14.18-2PGDG.rhel10                              pgdg14   
postgresql14-server.x86_64                              14.19-1PGDG.rhel10                              pgdg14   
postgresql15-server.x86_64                              15.13-2PGDG.rhel10                              pgdg15   
postgresql15-server.x86_64                              15.14-1PGDG.rhel10                              pgdg15   
postgresql16-server.x86_64                              16.9-3PGDG.rhel10                               pgdg16   
postgresql16-server.x86_64                              16.10-1PGDG.rhel10                              pgdg16   
postgresql17-server.x86_64                              17.5-3PGDG.rhel10                               pgdg17   
postgresql17-server.x86_64                              17.6-1PGDG.rhel10                               pgdg17 

# 安装PostgreSQL
dnf install -y postgresql17-server

# 初始化数据库
[root@rocky10 ~]# postgresql-17-setup initdb
Initializing database ... OK

# 启动服务
systemctl enable --now postgresql-17

# 验证成功
[root@rocky10 ~]# sudo -u postgres psql -c "SELECT version();"
                                                 version                                                  
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 PostgreSQL 17.6 on x86_64-pc-linux-gnu, compiled by gcc (GCC) 14.2.1 20250110 (Red Hat 14.2.1-7), 64-bit
(1 row)

[root@rocky10 ~]# su - postgres
[postgres@rocky10 ~]$ psql
psql (17.6)
Type "help" for help.

postgres=# help
You are using psql, the command-line interface to PostgreSQL.
Type:  \copyright for distribution terms
       \h for help with SQL commands
       \? for help with psql commands
       \g or terminate with semicolon to execute query
       \q to quit
postgres=# \q

root@ubuntu2404:~# apt update

root@ubuntu2404:~# apt-cache madison postgresql
postgresql | 16+257build1.1 | https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu noble-updates/main amd64 Packages
postgresql | 16+257build1 | https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu noble/main amd64 Packages

root@ubuntu2404:~# apt install -y postgresql

root@ubuntu2404:~# systemctl enable --now  postgresql

root@ubuntu2404:~# sudo -u postgres psql -c "SELECT version();"
                                                               version                                                                
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 PostgreSQL 16.9 (Ubuntu 16.9-0ubuntu0.24.04.1) on x86_64-pc-linux-gnu, compiled by gcc (Ubuntu 13.3.0-6ubuntu2~24.04) 13.3.0, 64-bit

root@ubuntu2404:~# su - postgres
postgres@ubuntu2404:~$ psql
psql (16.9 (Ubuntu 16.9-0ubuntu0.24.04.1))
Type "help" for help.

postgres=# help
You are using psql, the command-line interface to PostgreSQL.
Type:  \copyright for distribution terms
       \h for help with SQL commands
       \? for help with psql commands
       \g or terminate with semicolon to execute query
       \q to quit
postgres=# \q

# 导入存储库签名密钥：
sudo apt install curl ca-certificates
sudo install -d /usr/share/postgresql-common/pgdg
sudo curl -o /usr/share/postgresql-common/pgdg/apt.postgresql.org.asc --fail https://www.postgresql.org/media/keys/ACCC4CF8.asc

# 创建存储库配置文件：
. /etc/os-release
sudo sh -c "echo 'deb [signed-by=/usr/share/postgresql-common/pgdg/apt.postgresql.org.asc] https://apt.postgresql.org/pub/repos/apt $VERSION_CODENAME-pgdg main' > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/pgdg.list"

# 替换国内镜像源
root@ubuntu2404:~# sed -i。bak 's|apt.postgresql.org/pub|mirrors.aliyun.com/postgresql|g' /etc/apt/sources.list.d/pgdg.list 

# 更新包列表：
sudo apt update

root@ubuntu2404:~# apt-cache madison postgresql
postgresql | 17+281.pgdg24.04+1 | https://apt.postgresql.org/pub/repos/apt noble-pgdg/main amd64 Packages
postgresql | 16+257build1.1 | https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu noble-updates/main amd64 Packages
postgresql | 16+257build1 | https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu noble/main amd64 Packages

# 安装最新版本的PostgreSQL：
# 如果你想要一个特定的版本，请使用“postgresql-17”或类似的版本，而不是“postgresql”
sudo apt -y install postgresql-17

root@ubuntu2404:~# systemctl enable --now  postgresql

root@ubuntu2404:~# sudo -u postgres psql -c "SELECT version();"
                                                              version                                                              
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 PostgreSQL 17.4 (Ubuntu 17.4-1.pgdg24.04+2) on x86_64-pc-linux-gnu, compiled by gcc (Ubuntu 13.3.0-6ubuntu2~24.04) 13.3.0, 64-bit
(1 row)

root@ubuntu2404:~# su - postgres
postgres@ubuntu2404:~$ psql
psql (17.4 (Ubuntu 17.4-1.pgdg24.04+2))
Type "help" for help.

postgres=# help
You are using psql, the command-line interface to PostgreSQL.
Type:  \copyright for distribution terms
       \h for help with SQL commands
       \? for help with psql commands
       \g or terminate with semicolon to execute query
       \q to quit
postgres=# \q

opensuse15:~ # zypper search "postgresql*-server"
Loading repository data...
Reading installed packages...

S | Name                | Summary                                                   | Type
--+---------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+--------
  | postgresql-server   | The Programs Needed to Create and Run a PostgreSQL Server | package
  | postgresql10-server | The Programs Needed to Create and Run a PostgreSQL Server | package
  | postgresql12-server | The Programs Needed to Create and Run a PostgreSQL Server | package
  | postgresql13-server | The Programs Needed to Create and Run a PostgreSQL Server | package
  | postgresql14-server | The Programs Needed to Create and Run a PostgreSQL Server | package
  | postgresql15-server | The Programs Needed to Create and Run a PostgreSQL Server | package
  | postgresql16-server | The Programs Needed to Create and Run a PostgreSQL Server | package
  | postgresql17-server | The Programs Needed to Create and Run a PostgreSQL Server | package

opensuse15:~ # zypper install -y postgresql17-server

opensuse15:~ # systemctl enable --now postgresql

opensuse15:~ # sudo -u postgres psql -c "SELECT version();"
                                       version                                        
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 PostgreSQL 17.6 on x86_64-suse-linux-gnu, compiled by gcc (SUSE Linux) 7.5.0, 64-bit
(1 row)

opensuse15:~ # su - postgres
postgres@opensuse15:~> psql
psql (17.6)
Type "help" for help.

postgres=# help
You are using psql, the command-line interface to PostgreSQL.
Type:  \copyright for distribution terms
       \h for help with SQL commands
       \? for help with psql commands
       \g or terminate with semicolon to execute query
       \q to quit
postgres=# \q