C/C++内存管理

int globalVar = 1;
static int staticGlobalVar = 1;
void Test()
{
static int staticVar = 1;
int localVar = 1;
int num1[10] = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
char char2[] = "abcd";
const char* pChar3 = "abcd";
int* ptr1 = (int*)malloc(sizeof(int) * 4);
int* ptr2 = (int*)calloc(4, sizeof(int));
int* ptr3 = (int*)realloc(ptr2, sizeof(int) * 4);
free(ptr1);
free(ptr3);
}

void Test ()
{
// 1.malloc/calloc/realloc的区别是什么？
int* p2 = (int*)calloc(4, sizeof (int));
int* p3 = (int*)realloc(p2, sizeof(int)*10);
// 这里需要free(p2)吗？
free(p3 );
}

void *malloc(size_t size);
void *calloc(size_t nmemb, size_t size);
void *realloc(void *ptr, size_t size);

void Test()
{
// 动态申请一个int类型的空间
int* ptr4 = new int;
// 动态申请一个int类型的空间并初始化为10
int* ptr5 = new int(3);
// 动态申请10个int类型的空间
int* ptr6 = new int[3];
delete ptr4;
delete ptr5;
delete[] ptr6;
}

class A
{ 
public:
	A(int a = 0)
	: _a(a)
	{
		cout << "A():" << this << endl;
	} 
	~A()
	{
		cout << "~A():" << this << endl;
	}
private:
	int _a;
};
int main()
{
	// new/delete 和 malloc/free最大区别是 
	// new/delete对于【自定义类型】除了开空间还会调用构造函数和析构函数
	A* p1 = (A*)malloc(sizeof(A));
	A* p2 = new A(1);
	free(p1);
	delete p2;
	// 内置类型是几乎是一样的
	int* p3 = (int*)malloc(sizeof(int)); // C
	int* p4 = new int;
	free(p3);
	delete p4;
	A* p5 = (A*)malloc(sizeof(A)*10);
	A* p6 = new A[10];
	free(p5);
	delete[] p6;
	return 0;
}

/*
operator new：该函数实际通过malloc来申请空间，当malloc申请空间成功时直接返回；
申请空间失败，尝试执行空间不足应对措施，如果该应对措施用户设置了，
则继续申请，否则抛异常。
*/
void *__CRTDECL operator new(size_t size) _THROW1(_STD bad_alloc)
{
	// try to allocate size bytes
	void *p;
	while ((p = malloc(size)) == 0)
		if (_callnewh(size) == 0)
		{
			// report no memory
			// 如果申请内存失败了，这里会抛出bad_alloc 类型异常
			static const std::bad_alloc nomem;
			_RAISE(nomem);
		}
	return (p);
} 
//operator delete: 该函数最终是通过free来释放空间的

void operator delete(void *pUserData)
{
	_CrtMemBlockHeader * pHead;
	RTCCALLBACK(_RTC_Free_hook, (pUserData, 0));
	if (pUserData == NULL)
		return;
	_mlock(_HEAP_LOCK); /* block other threads */
	__TRY
	/* get a pointer to memory block header */
	pHead = pHdr(pUserData);
	/* verify block type */
	_ASSERTE(_BLOCK_TYPE_IS_VALID(pHead->nBlockUse));
	_free_dbg( pUserData, pHead->nBlockUse );
	__FINALLY
	_munlock(_HEAP_LOCK); /* release other threads */
	__END_TRY_FINALLY
	return;
} 
/*
free的实现
*/
#define free(p) _free_dbg(p, _NORMAL_BLOCK)

class A
{ 
public:
	A(int a = 0)
	: _a(a)
	{
		cout << "A():" << this << endl;
	} 
	~A()
	{
		cout << "~A():" << this << endl;
	}
private:
	int _a;
};
// 定位new/replacement new
int main()
{
	// p1现在指向的只不过是与A对象相同大小的一段空间，还不能算是一个对象，
	// 因为构造函数没有执行
	A* p1 = (A*)malloc(sizeof(A));
	new(p1)A; // 注意：如果A类的构造函数有参数时，此处需要传参
	p1->~A();
	free(p1);
	A* p2 = (A*)operator new(sizeof(A));
	new(p2)A(10);
	p2->~A();
	operator delete(p2);
	return 0;
}