常考vue面试题（附答案）

<script>
    // Vue.options 中会存放所有全局属性

    // 会用自身的 + Vue.options 中的属性进行合并
    // Vue.mixin({
    //     beforeCreate() {
    //         console.log('before 0')
    //     },
    // })
    debugger;
    const vm = new Vue({
        el: '#app',
        beforeCreate: [
            function() {
                console.log('before 1')
            },
            function() {
                console.log('before 2')
            }
        ]
    });
    console.log(vm);
</script>

export function callHook(vm, hook) {
  // 依次执行生命周期对应的方法
  const handlers = vm.$options[hook];
  if (handlers) {
    for (let i = 0; i < handlers.length; i++) {
      handlers[i].call(vm); //生命周期里面的this指向当前实例
    }
  }
}

// 调用的时候
Vue.prototype._init = function (options) {
  const vm = this;
  vm.$options = mergeOptions(vm.constructor.options, options);
  callHook(vm, "beforeCreate"); //初始化数据之前
  // 初始化状态
  initState(vm);
  callHook(vm, "created"); //初始化数据之后
  if (vm.$options.el) {
    vm.$mount(vm.$options.el);
  }
};

// 销毁实例实现
Vue.prototype.$destory = function() {
     // 触发钩子
    callHook(vm, 'beforeDestory')
    // 自身及子节点
    remove() 
    // 删除依赖
    watcher.teardown() 
    // 删除监听
    vm.$off() 
    // 触发钩子
    callHook(vm, 'destoryed')
}

<template>
  <button @click="increment">
    Count: {{ count }}  </button>
</template>

<script>
// Composition API 将组件属性暴露为函数，因此第一步是导入所需的函数
import { ref, computed, onMounted } from 'vue'

export default {  setup() {
// 使用 ref 函数声明了称为 count 的响应属性，对应于Vue2中的data函数
    const count = ref(0) 
// Vue2中需要在methods option中声明的函数，现在直接声明
    function increment() {      count.value++    } // 对应于Vue2中的mounted声明周期
    onMounted(() => console.log('component mounted!'))     return {      count,      increment    }  }}
</script>

const createElement = (vnode) => {
  let tag = vnode.tag;
  let attrs = vnode.attrs || {};
  let children = vnode.children || [];
  if(!tag) {
    return null;
  }
  //创建元素
  let elem = document.createElement(tag);
  //属性
  let attrName;
  for (attrName in attrs) {
    if(attrs.hasOwnProperty(attrName)) {
      elem.setAttribute(attrName, attrs[attrName]);
    }
  }
  //子元素
  children.forEach(childVnode => {
    //给elem添加子元素
    elem.appendChild(createElement(childVnode));
  })

  //返回真实的dom元素
  return elem;
}

function updateChildren(vnode, newVnode) {
  let children = vnode.children || [];
  let newChildren = newVnode.children || [];

  children.forEach((childVnode, index) => {
    let newChildVNode = newChildren[index];
    if(childVnode.tag === newChildVNode.tag) {
      //深层次对比, 递归过程
      updateChildren(childVnode, newChildVNode);
    } else {
      //替换
      replaceNode(childVnode, newChildVNode);
    }
  })
}

<template>
  <li>
    <div> {{ model.name }}</div>
    <ul v-show="isOpen" v-if="isFolder">
      <!-- 注意这里：组件递归渲染了它自己 -->
      <TreeItem
        class="item"
        v-for="model in model.children"
        :model="model">
      </TreeItem>
    </ul>
  </li>
<script>
export default {
  name: 'TreeItem',
  // ...
}
</script>

const _component_Comp = _resolveComponent("Comp", true)

export function resolveComponent(
  name: string,
  maybeSelfReference?: boolean
): ConcreteComponent | string {
  return resolveAsset(COMPONENTS, name, true, maybeSelfReference) || name
}

if (!res && maybeSelfReference) {
    // fallback to implicit self-reference
    return Component
}

const patternTypes: Array<Function> = [String, RegExp, Array] // 接收：字符串，正则，数组

export default {
  name: 'keep-alive',
  abstract: true, // 抽象组件，是一个抽象组件：它自身不会渲染一个 DOM 元素，也不会出现在父组件链中。

  props: {
    include: patternTypes, // 匹配的组件，缓存
    exclude: patternTypes, // 不去匹配的组件，不缓存
    max: [String, Number], // 缓存组件的最大实例数量, 由于缓存的是组件实例（vnode），数量过多的时候，会占用过多的内存，可以用max指定上限
  },

  created() {
    // 用于初始化缓存虚拟DOM数组和vnode的key
    this.cache = Object.create(null)
    this.keys = []
  },

  destroyed() {
    // 销毁缓存cache的组件实例
    for (const key in this.cache) {
      pruneCacheEntry(this.cache, key, this.keys)
    }
  },

  mounted() {
    // prune 削减精简[v.]
    // 去监控include和exclude的改变，根据最新的include和exclude的内容，来实时削减缓存的组件的内容
    this.$watch('include', (val) => {
      pruneCache(this, (name) => matches(val, name))
    })
    this.$watch('exclude', (val) => {
      pruneCache(this, (name) => !matches(val, name))
    })
  },
}

render () {
  //
  function getFirstComponentChild (children: ?Array<VNode>): ?VNode {
    if (Array.isArray(children)) {
  for (let i = 0; i < children.length; i++) {
    const c = children[i]
    if (isDef(c) && (isDef(c.componentOptions) || isAsyncPlaceholder(c))) {
      return c
    }
  }
  }
  }
  const slot = this.$slots.default // 获取默认插槽
  const vnode: VNode = getFirstComponentChild(slot)// 获取第一个子组件
  const componentOptions: ?VNodeComponentOptions = vnode && vnode.componentOptions // 组件参数
  if (componentOptions) { // 是否有组件参数
    // check pattern
    const name: ?string = getComponentName(componentOptions) // 获取组件名
    const { include, exclude } = this
    if (
      // not included
      (include && (!name || !matches(include, name))) ||
      // excluded
      (exclude && name && matches(exclude, name))
    ) {
      // 如果不匹配当前组件的名字和include以及exclude
      // 那么直接返回组件的实例
      return vnode
    }

    const { cache, keys } = this

    // 获取这个组件的key
    const key: ?string = vnode.key == null
      // same constructor may get registered as different local components
      // so cid alone is not enough (#3269)
      ? componentOptions.Ctor.cid + (componentOptions.tag ? `::${componentOptions.tag}` : '')
      : vnode.key

    if (cache[key]) {
      // LRU缓存策略执行
      vnode.componentInstance = cache[key].componentInstance // 组件初次渲染的时候componentInstance为undefined

      // make current key freshest
      remove(keys, key)
      keys.push(key)
      // 根据LRU缓存策略执行，将key从原来的位置移除，然后将这个key值放到最后面
    } else {
      // 在缓存列表里面没有的话，则加入，同时判断当前加入之后，是否超过了max所设定的范围，如果是，则去除
      // 使用时间间隔最长的一个
      cache[key] = vnode
      keys.push(key)
      // prune oldest entry
      if (this.max && keys.length > parseInt(this.max)) {
        pruneCacheEntry(cache, keys[0], keys, this._vnode)
      }
    }
    // 将组件的keepAlive属性设置为true
    vnode.data.keepAlive = true // 作用：判断是否要执行组件的created、mounted生命周期函数
  }
  return vnode || (slot && slot[0])
}

// core/instance/lifecycle
function initLifecycle (vm: Component) {
  const options = vm.$options

  // locate first non-abstract parent
  let parent = options.parent
  if (parent && !options.abstract) { // 判断组件的abstract属性，才往父组件里面挂载DOM
    while (parent.$options.abstract && parent.$parent) {
      parent = parent.$parent
    }
    parent.$children.push(vm)
  }

  vm.$parent = parent
  vm.$root = parent ? parent.$root : vm

  vm.$children = []
  vm.$refs = {}

  vm._watcher = null
  vm._inactive = null
  vm._directInactive = false
  vm._isMounted = false
  vm._isDestroyed = false
  vm._isBeingDestroyed = false
}

// core/vdom/create-component
init (vnode: VNodeWithData, hydrating: boolean): ?boolean {
    if (
      vnode.componentInstance &&
      !vnode.componentInstance._isDestroyed &&
      vnode.data.keepAlive
    ) { // componentInstance在初次是undefined!!!
      // kept-alive components, treat as a patch
      const mountedNode: any = vnode // work around flow
      componentVNodeHooks.prepatch(mountedNode, mountedNode) // prepatch函数执行的是组件更新的过程
    } else {
      const child = vnode.componentInstance = createComponentInstanceForVnode(
        vnode,
        activeInstance
      )
      child.$mount(hydrating ? vnode.elm : undefined, hydrating)
    }
  },

Vue.mixin({
  beforeCreate() {
    // ...逻辑        // 这种方式会影响到每个组件的 beforeCreate 钩子函数
  },
});

// 创建组件构造器
let Component = Vue.extend({ template: "<div>test</div>" });
// 挂载到 #app 上new Component().$mount('#app')
// 除了上面的方式，还可以用来扩展已有的组件
let SuperComponent = Vue.extend(Component);
new SuperComponent({
  created() {
    console.log(1);
  },
});
new SuperComponent().$mount("#app");

<!-- View 层 -->

<div id="app">
    <p>{{message}}</p>
    <button v-on:click="showMessage()">Click me</button>
</div>

// ViewModel 层

var app = new Vue({
    el: '#app',
    data: {  // 用于描述视图状态   
        message: 'Hello Vue!', 
    },
    methods: {  // 用于描述视图行为  
        showMessage(){
            let vm = this;
            alert(vm.message);
        }
    },
    created(){
        let vm = this;
        // Ajax 获取 Model 层的数据
        ajax({
            url: '/your/server/data/api',
            success(res){
                vm.message = res;
            }
        });
    }
})

// Model 层

{
    "url": "/your/server/data/api",
    "res": {
        "success": true,
        "name": "test",
        "domain": "www.baidu.com"
    }
}

<router-link to="/about">Go to About</router-link>

// literal string path
router.push('/users/1')

// object with path
router.push({ path: '/users/1' })

// named route with params to let the router build the url
router.push({ name: 'user', params: { username: 'test' } })

function Vue (options) {
  if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' &&
    !(this instanceof Vue)
  ) {
    warn('Vue is a constructor and should be called with the `new` keyword')
  }
  this._init(options)
}

Vue.prototype._init = function (options?: Object) {
  const vm: Component = this
  // a uid
  vm._uid = uid++

  let startTag, endTag
  /* istanbul ignore if */
  if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && config.performance && mark) {
    startTag = `vue-perf-start:${vm._uid}`
    endTag = `vue-perf-end:${vm._uid}`
    mark(startTag)
  }

  // a flag to avoid this being observed
  vm._isVue = true
  // merge options
  if (options && options._isComponent) {
    // optimize internal component instantiation
    // since dynamic options merging is pretty slow, and none of the
    // internal component options needs special treatment.
    initInternalComponent(vm, options)
  } else {
    vm.$options = mergeOptions(
      resolveConstructorOptions(vm.constructor),
      options || {},
      vm
    )
  }
  /* istanbul ignore else */
  if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
    initProxy(vm)
  } else {
    vm._renderProxy = vm
  }
  // expose real self
  vm._self = vm
  initLifecycle(vm)
  initEvents(vm)
  initRender(vm)
  callHook(vm, 'beforeCreate')
  initInjections(vm) // resolve injections before data/props
  initState(vm)
  initProvide(vm) // resolve provide after data/props
  callHook(vm, 'created')

  /* istanbul ignore if */
  if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && config.performance && mark) {
    vm._name = formatComponentName(vm, false)
    mark(endTag)
    measure(`vue ${vm._name} init`, startTag, endTag)
  }

  if (vm.$options.el) {
    vm.$mount(vm.$options.el)
  }
}

const props = defineProps(['foo'])
// ❌ 下面行为会被警告, props是只读的!
props.foo = 'bar'

const props = defineProps(['initialCounter'])
const counter = ref(props.initialCounter)

const props = defineProps(['size'])
// prop变化，计算属性自动更新
const normalizedSize = computed(() => props.size.trim().toLowerCase())