老司机教你用SQL之查询操作

-- 创建数据库
create database python_test_1 charset=utf8;

-- 使用数据库
use python_test_1;

-- students表
create table students(
    id int unsigned primary key auto_increment not null,
    name varchar(20) default '',
    age tinyint unsigned default 0,
    height decimal(5,2),
    gender enum('男','女','中性','保密') default '保密',
    cls_id int unsigned default 0,
    is_delete bit default 0
);

-- classes表
create table classes (
    id int unsigned auto_increment primary key not null,
    name varchar(30) not null
);

-- 向students表中插入数据
insert into students values
(0,'小明',18,180.00,2,1,0),
(0,'小月月',18,180.00,2,2,1),
(0,'彭于晏',29,185.00,1,1,0),
(0,'刘德华',59,175.00,1,2,1),
(0,'黄蓉',38,160.00,2,1,0),
(0,'凤姐',28,150.00,4,2,1),
(0,'王祖贤',18,172.00,2,1,1),
(0,'周杰伦',36,NULL,1,1,0),
(0,'程坤',27,181.00,1,2,0),
(0,'刘亦菲',25,166.00,2,2,0),
(0,'金星',33,162.00,3,3,1),
(0,'静香',12,180.00,2,4,0),
(0,'郭靖',12,170.00,1,4,0),
(0,'周杰',34,176.00,2,5,0);

-- 向classes表中插入数据
insert into classes values (0, "python_01期"), (0, "python_02期");

select * from 表名;
例：
select * from students;

select 列1,列2,... from 表名;
例:
select name from students;

select id as 序号, name as 名字, gender as 性别 from students;

-- 如果是单表查询 可以省略表明
select id, name, gender from students;

-- 表名.字段名
select students.id,students.name,students.gender from students;

-- 可以通过 as 给表起别名 
select s.id,s.name,s.gender from students as s;

select distinct 列1,... from 表名;
例：
select distinct gender from students;

select * from 表名 where 条件;
例：
select * from students where id=1;

select * from students where id > 3;

select * from students where id <= 4;

select * from students where name <= "黄蓉";

select * from students where is_delete=0;

select * from students where id > 3 and gender=0;

select * from students where id < 4 and is_delete=0;

select * from students where name like "黄%";

select * from students where name like "黄_";

select * from students where name like "黄%" or name="%靖";

select * from students where id in (1,3,8);

select * from students where id between 3 and 8;

select * from students where (id between 3 and 8) and gender=1;

select * from students where height is null;

select * from students where height is not null;

select * from students where height is not null and gender=1;

select * from 表名 order by 列1 asc|desc [,列2 asc|desc,...]

select * from students where is_delete=0 ordaer by id desc;

select * from students where is_delete=0 order by name;

select * from students order by age desc,height desc;

select count(*) from students;

select max(id) from students where gender=2;

select min(id) from students where is_delete=0;

select sum(age) from students where gender=1;
-- 平均年龄
select sum(age)/count(*) from students where gender=1;

select avg(id) from students where is_delete=0 and gender=2;

select * from students;
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
| id | name      | age  | height | gender | cls_id | is_delete |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+
|  1 | 小明      |   18 | 180.00 | 女     |      1 |           |
|  2 | 小月月    |   18 | 180.00 | 女     |      2 |          |
|  3 | 彭于晏    |   29 | 185.00 | 男     |      1 |           |
|  4 | 刘德华    |   59 | 175.00 | 男     |      2 |          |
|  5 | 黄蓉      |   38 | 160.00 | 女     |      1 |           |
|  6 | 凤姐      |   28 | 150.00 | 保密   |      2 |          |
|  7 | 王祖贤    |   18 | 172.00 | 女     |      1 |          |
|  8 | 周杰伦    |   36 |   NULL | 男     |      1 |           |
|  9 | 程坤      |   27 | 181.00 | 男     |      2 |           |
| 10 | 刘亦菲    |   25 | 166.00 | 女     |      2 |           |
| 11 | 金星      |   33 | 162.00 | 中性   |      3 |          |
| 12 | 静香      |   12 | 180.00 | 女     |      4 |           |
| 13 | 周杰      |   34 | 176.00 | 女     |      5 |           |
| 14 | 郭靖      |   12 | 170.00 | 男     |      4 |           |
+----+-----------+------+--------+--------+--------+-----------+

select gender from students group by gender;
+--------+
| gender |
+--------+
| 男     |
| 女     |
| 中性   |
| 保密   |
+--------+

select gender from students group by gender;
+--------+
| gender |
+--------+
| 男     |
| 女     |
| 中性   |
| 保密   |
+--------+

select gender,group_concat(name) from students group by gender;
+--------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| gender | group_concat(name)                                        |
+--------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| 男     | 彭于晏,刘德华,周杰伦,程坤,郭靖                                 |
| 女     | 小明,小月月,黄蓉,王祖贤,刘亦菲,静香,周杰                        |
| 中性   | 金星                                                       |
| 保密   | 凤姐                                                       |
+--------+-----------------------------------------------------------+


select gender,group_concat(id) from students group by gender;
+--------+------------------+
| gender | group_concat(id) |
+--------+------------------+
| 男     | 3,4,8,9,14       |
| 女     | 1,2,5,7,10,12,13 |
| 中性   | 11               |
| 保密   | 6                |
+--------+------------------+

select gender,group_concat(age) from students group by gender;
+--------+----------------------+
| gender | group_concat(age)    |
+--------+----------------------+
| 男     | 29,59,36,27,12       |
| 女     | 18,18,38,18,25,12,34 |
| 中性   | 33                   |
| 保密   | 28                   |
+--------+----------------------+

分别统计性别为男/女的人年龄平均值
select gender,avg(age) from students group by gender;
+--------+----------+
| gender | avg(age) |
+--------+----------+
| 男     |  32.6000 |
| 女     |  23.2857 |
| 中性   |  33.0000 |

select gender,count(*) from students group by gender having count(*)>2;
+--------+----------+
| gender | count(*) |
+--------+----------+
| 男     |        5 |
| 女     |        7 |
+--------+----------+

select gender,count(*) from students group by gender with rollup;
+--------+----------+
| gender | count(*) |
+--------+----------+
| 男     |        5 |
| 女     |        7 |
| 中性   |        1 |
| 保密   |        1 |
| NULL   |       14 |
+--------+----------+


select gender,group_concat(age) from students group by gender with rollup;
+--------+-------------------------------------------+
| gender | group_concat(age)                         |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+
| 男     | 29,59,36,27,12                            |
| 女     | 18,18,38,18,25,12,34                      |
| 中性   | 33                                        |
| 保密   | 28                                        |
| NULL   | 29,59,36,27,12,18,18,38,18,25,12,34,33,28 |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+

select * from 表名 limit start,count

select * from students where gender=1 limit 0,3;

select * from students where is_delete=0 limit (n-1)*m,m

select * from 表1 inner或left或right join 表2 on 表1.列 = 表2.列

select * from students inner join classes on students.cls_id = classes.id;

select * from students as s left join classes as c on s.cls_id = c.id;

select * from students as s right join classes as c on s.cls_id = c.id;

select s.name,c.name from students as s inner join classes as c on s.cls_id = c.id;

create table areas(
    aid int primary key,
    atitle varchar(20),
    pid int
);

source areas.sql;

select count(*) from areas where pid is null;

select city.* from areas as city
inner join areas as province on city.pid=province.aid
where province.atitle='山西省';

select dis.* from areas as dis
inner join areas as city on city.aid=dis.pid
where city.atitle='广州市';

select * from students where age > (select avg(age) from students);

select name from classes where id in (select cls_id from students);

select * from students where (height,age) = (select max(height),max(age) from students);

SELECT select_expr [,select_expr,...] [      
      FROM tb_name
      [WHERE 条件判断]
      [GROUP BY {col_name | postion} [ASC | DESC], ...] 
      [HAVING WHERE 条件判断]
      [ORDER BY {col_name|expr|postion} [ASC | DESC], ...]
      [ LIMIT {[offset,]rowcount | row_count OFFSET offset}]
]

select distinct *
from 表名
where ....
group by ... having ...
order by ...
limit start,count