英文文法学习笔记（11）关系词

1. We met a man. The man directed us to the factory.
=> We met a man and he directed us to the factory.
=> We met a man who directed us to the factory.

2. I have a friend who likes music very much.

3. The student whose mother died yesterday is absent today.

4. This is the man whom I spoke of.
=> This is the man that I spoke of.
=> This is the man I spoke of.

5. I don't like people who lose their tempers easily.
=> I don't like people. They lose their tempers easily.

6. I have a classmate whose mother is a famous singer.
=> I have a classmate. Her mother is a famous singer.

7. I met some friends whom I hadn't seen for ages.
=> I met some friends. I hadn't seen them for ages.

8. People who don't eat meat are called vegetarian.

9. All the children (whom) you take care of will enjoy swimming.

10. English is a language which is spoken all over the world.

🌟11. He looked for a car whose engine was in good condition.
=> He looked for a car the engine of which was in good condition.
=> He looked for a car of which the engine was in good condition.

12. Where is the parcel (which) we received this morning?

13. This is a statement which must be corrected.

14. He is in love with a girl who had red hair.
=> He's in love with a girl that had red hair.

15. Baseball is the sport which most boys like.
=> Baseball is the sport that most boys like.

16. Today is the coldest day (that) we have ever experienced.

17. The first thing you have to do is (to) study mathematics.

18. The driver and the car that had fallen into the sea were quickly recovered.

19. Who that has common sense could believe such a thing?

20. Which is the picture (that) Mary painted?

21. He is the only man (that) I love.

22. All (that) he said was not true. 

23. My brother fixed almost anything that needed repairing.

24. Is that the man whom you lent the money to?
=> Is that the man to whom you lent the money?

25. The train for which I am waiting is now half an hour late.

26. This is the man with whom I worked.

27. This is the habit (which) you must try to do with.

28. The lady (whom) we met on the street is our teacher.

29. She is not the cheerful girl that she was.

30. There is someone (who) wants to see you.

31. This is the only bow tie (that) there is in this store.
=> This is the only bow tie that is in this store.

32. What I want is peace of mind.
=> The thing which I want is peace of mind.

33. She told the detectives all (that) they wanted to know.

34. I don't know what they were talking about.

35. I don't know what they were talking about.

36. He is what is called a walking dictionary.
=> He is what we call a walking dictionary.

37. She is what is called a musical genius.
=> She is what we call a musical genius.

38. Air is to us what water is to fish.

39. Culture is to the mind what food is to the body.

40. She is not what she was ten years ago.

41. What has made China what she is.

42. He is a bright boy, (and) what is more, he is kindhearted.

43. They lost their way, and what was worse, night was comming on.

44. What with overwork and (what with) poor meals, she fell ill.

45. We have two daughters who became nurses.

46. We have two daughters, who became nurses.

47. I called Brian, who had called me while I was out.
=> I called Brian because he had called me while I was out.

48. I bought a hat, which was too big for me.
=> I bought a hat but it was too big for me.

49. He bought some apples, two of which he gave her.
=> He bought some apples and he gave her two of them.

50. This poem, which everybody knows, is by Shelley.

51. My mother expects me to become a doctor, which is not easy.

52. He tore up my photo, which upset me.

53. This is the place where I first met my wife.

54. Here is a map of the town where Aunt Sally lives. 

55. We found a restaurant where the food was delicious.

56. These are the cases where this rule does not apply.

57. Sunday is the day when I have no school.

58. That was the time when dinosaurs lived.

59. The day when we can live in outer space will come.
=> The day will come when we can live in outer space.

60. The reason why he was absent is not clear.

61. I really like sweets. That is the reason why my teeth are bad.

62. This is how the riot happened.

63. This is how he solved the problem.
=> This is the way (that) he solved the problem.

64. Tuesday is (the day) when garbage truck comes.

65. Late spring is (the time) when the rainy season begins here.

66. This is (the reason) why I left early.
=> This is the reason I left early.

🌟67. Little do I remember the day when I first met her.
=> Little do I remember the day (that) I first met her.

68. I don't like the way (that) he talks.

69. She moved to New York, where she opened a boutique.

70. I was taking a shower, when the lights went out!

71. He tried to help whoever was in need of help.
=> He tried to help anyone who was in need of help.

72. Help yourself to whichever you want.
=> Help yourself to any one that you want.

73. I'll treat you today. You can order whatever you like.
=> I'll treat you today. You can order anything that you like.

74. Whoever is calling, I don't want to answer the phone.
=> No matter who is calling , I don't want to answer the phone.

75. Whatever happens, I will always love you.
=> No matter what happens, I will always love you.

76. I'll be thinking of you wherever I am.
=> I'll be thinking of you no matter where I am.

77. However fast you may walk, you will not be able to arrive before dark. 
=> No matter how fast you may walk, you will not be able to arrive before dark.

78. I gave the child what little money I had then.
=> I gave the child all the little money I had then.

79. Nancy waited with what patience she could command.
=> Nancy waited with all the patience that she could command.

80. For ten days, during which time he kept indoors, nobody visited him.

81. We may miss the train, in which case we'll be late for the appointment.

82. Oil and water do not mix, as we all know.
=> Oil and water do not mix, and we all know that.

83. She wears the same earrings as I do.
=> She wears the same earrings that I wear.

84. As is often the case (with him), he came late for class today.
=> He came late for class today, and that is often the case.
=> He came late for class today, as is often the case.

85. Read such books as your teacher has recommended.

🌟86. There is no rule but has some exceptions.
=> There is no rule that doesn't have any exceptions.
=> Every rule has some exceptions.

87. You did more work than I had expected.

88. You have more clothing than is necessary.

同时具有代名词和连接词功能的代名词称为关系代名词。

关系代名词的种类和格{
					主格			所有格			受格
	人				who 		        whose			whom
	事、物、动物 		which 		whose			which
								of which
	人、事物、动物 	        that 		        --				that 
	含先行词 			what 		-- 				what
}

主格 （+ 动词）
所有格 （+ 名词）
受格 （+ 主词 + 动词 <+介词>）
注意：关系代名词的受格在句子中可省略。

下列情形只能以that作为关系代名词{
	1.先行词前有最高级、序数
	2.先行词同时有人和事物
	3.先行词中有疑问词who，which -> 避免重复
	4.先行词为the only, the very, the same等
	5.先行词为不定代名词或...thing 
}


关系代名词的省略{
	1.受格关代可省略
	2.当补语的主格关系代名词可省略
	3.There（Here）is（are）的句型中，关系代名词可省略
	4.关系代名词后有there（here）is（are）...时，关系代名词可省略
}


what = 先行词 + 关代
what = {
	the thing(s) which
	all that
	anything that 
}
eg: I don't know what they were talking about.
-> I don't know all that they were talking about.
-> I don't know the thing which they were talking about.


含有what的惯用表现{
	what is called / what we(you,they) call   ->   所谓的
	A is to ~ what B is to ~    			  ->   A 之于... 正如 B 之于...
	what A is(was / used to be) 			  ->   今日的A（昔日的A）
	what is + 比较级 						  ->   更...的是
	what with ... and (what with) ~ 		  ->   一则因...,一则因～  通常用于列举不太好的事情之原因：what常省略而只用， with ... and ...
}

限定用法：对先行词的内容加以限定。
非限定用法：对先行词不加限定，只具有使句子连续的功能。
	关系代名词可用【and(but, because, for等) + 代名词】来替换。
	逗号之后的关系代名词不可用that。

重点：非限定用法，此时关系代名词所引导的子句，只用来说明前面的主要子句的部分或全部。

关系副词兼具有连接词和副词的功能，和关系代名词一样，具有先行词{
	先行词			场所			时间			理由			无
	关系副词 			where 		when 		why 		how 
}


关系副词其他重点：{
	1.若先行词为case（场合，情况）、point（点）、situation（状况）等，也可用where。
	2.有时先行词前（the day）会与修饰的形容词子句分开。
	3.how：通常无明确的先行词时使用。
	4.关系副词的先行词，通常可省略。
	5.that有时可作为关系副词，来代替where，when，why等。通常代替when的情形较多。
	6.关系副词where及when也可用于非限定用法。
}

关系词who, which, what, where, when 加上“ever”，称为复合关系词。{
	关系代名词 + ever {
		whoever ~ = anyone who ~ 			不论是谁（主格）
		who(m)ever ~ = anyone who(m) ~ 		不论是谁（受格）
		whichever ~ = any one that ~ 		不论哪一个
		whatever ~ = anything that ~  		不论什么
	}

	关系副词 + ever {
		whenever ~ = at any time when ~ 	不论何时
		wherever ~ = at any place where ~ 	不论在哪里
	}
}


复合关系词可表示【让步】，即【无论...】之意。{
	whoever = no matter who 				无论是谁 
	whichever = no matter which 			无论哪一个
	whatever = no matter what 				无论是什么
	whenever = no matter when 				无论何时
	wherever = no matter where 				无论哪里
	however = no matter how 				无论如何
}

关系词中具有形容词作用的，称为关系形容词。{
	what + 名词 = all the + 名词 + that 
	介系词 + which + 名词
}


as, but, than也可扮演关系代名词的角色{
	the same ... as (that) 				和...相同
	as is often the case (with...) 		如...所示
	such ... as ... 					就如同～

	but - 用于否定句，形成双重否定。

	than - 用于比较句
}