英文文法学习笔记（5）句子的要素及种类 1.1 词类1.2 片语及子句1.3 句子的要素1.4 句子的种类（由内容分）1.5 句子的种类（由结构分）2.1 词类2.2 片语及子句2.

1. Congratulations!

2. I enjoy reading.

3. Would you like to join us?

4. The coach shouted loudly, "Hey, run to the goal!", but the players couldn't hear his voice. And they lost the final match.

5. I often stop at a convenience store on my way home.

6. The book on the desk is mine.

7. I put my books on the desk.

8. I don't know what to do.

9. Jane went out, but Mike stayed home.

10. I know that you are doing your best.

11. These are pictures which I took in Kenting.

12. Jane put her coat on a hanger before she sat down.

13. We laughed.

14. The tall boy looks tired.

15. All the students in the school must wear uniforms.

16. The telephone rang early in the morning.

17. He is a famous musician.

18. To read novels is pleasant.

19. Learning a foreign language is important.

20. Who to bell the cat is a big problem.

21. That he is honest is true.

22. The rich are not always happy.

23. The wounded numbered ten.

24. I saw a girl on the street.

25. I have given up smoking.

26. I love chocolate.

27. The car won't start.

28. The sky is blue.

29. She cooks dinner after school.

30. I have met him at the meeting.

31. He began to sing.

32. He enjoyed playing tennis.

33. He knew who to ask.

34. I believed what he said.

35. The ambulances sent the injured to the hospital.

36. His latest novel is interesting.

37. I found his latest novel interesting.

38. The blue sweater is mine.

39. One of my hobbies is making artificial flowers.

40. The cat is under the table.

41. A little girl was carrying a basket full of apples.

42. Please give me something interesting to read.

43. He usually jogs in the park for an hour before breakfast.

44. Very strange men walked quite fast down the stairs.

45. My sister is a TV director.

46. My sister is not a TV director.

47. We have school even on Saturdays.

48. We do not have school on Saturdays.

49. Do you know her address? Yes, I do.

50. Are you going shopping with me? No, I am not.

51. Can you do me a favor? Sure.

52. Doesn't he speak English? Yes, he does.

53. Where are you from? I am from Sydney, Australia.

54. When did you hear the news? The day before yesterday.

55. How long will you be here? For two weeks.

56. What is your favorite subject? History.

57. Who left the window open? I did.

58. Is Mr. Brown a pianist or a cellist? A pianist.

59. Would you like coffee or tea? Coffee, please.

60. Who runs faster, Tom or John? Tom does.

61. It is very hot today, isn't it? Yes, it is.

62. Jack didn't solve the problem, did he?

63. Who knows?
=> No one knows.

64. Isn't it funny?
=> It is very funny.

65. Do you know what time it is? Yes, I do.

66. What time do you know it is? It is twelve o'clock.

67. Wait a minute, please.

68. Don't worry about such a thing.

69. Have a drink.

70. How beautiful!

71. What a beautiful girl!
=> How beautiful a girl!

72. What a shame!

73. How hard it rains!
=> How it rains!

74. I have a sufficient income to support you.

75. Happy memories came and went in my mind.

76. Jason and Jack rushed into the classroom.

77. I missed the last train, so I took a taxi home.

78. The driver tried to control the car, but it crashed into a tree.

79. Who did it is still a mystery.

80. He is the man who saved my son from drowning.

81. I want to finish the work before it gets dark.
=> Before it gets dark, I want to finish the work.

82. She knew what she wanted, but she never told anyone.

83. I know the girl who is talking to Mr. Green but my brother doesn't know who she is.

所谓句子，就是能够完整表达说话者思想、情感等的一个字或字群。
在写英文句子时，通常第一字的开头字母需大写，句尾则标上句点、问号或惊叹号。

八大词类：名词（n.）、冠词（article）、代名词（pron.）、形容词（adj.）、副词（adv.）、动词（v.）、连接词（conj）、介系词（prep.）

article { definite article、indefinite article }

adv. {
	He studies hard everyday.	//副词hard修饰动词study
	She is very cute.			//副词very修饰形容词cute
	I study very hard.			//副词very修饰副词hard
}

pron. {
	人称代名词，主格、所有格、受格。 //he,his,him.
}

十大词类（多出的两类）：助动词（aux.）、感叹词（interjection）

aux. {
	He studies.
	He doesn't study.
	Does he study?

	I love you.
	I do love you. //这里的“do”加强了一般动词的语气。
}

句：S+V

片语，分为3类：名词片语、形容词片语、副词片语。
	名词片语：I don't know what to do.			「what to do」只有名词可以当受词。
	形容词片语：The book on the desk is mine.		「on the desk」桌子上的书
	副词片语：I put my books on the desk.			「on the desk」放在桌上上

子句，子句为句子的一部分，其本身含有主词+动词。
	对等子句：由对等连接词连接。
	名词子句、形容词子句、副词子句：由从属连接词连接。

句子由 主部 和 述部 组成。
在主部中，有主词这个要素。在述部中，有述语动词、补词、受词三种要素。

我是___. 【补】
我爱___. 【受】

1）主词		—— 名词或名词相等语。
2）动词		—— 由结构分【一个字动词、复合动词】；由用法分【受词的有无：及物动词、不及物动词；补语的有无：不完全动词、完全动词】。
3）受词		—— 名词或名词相等语。
4）补语		—— 名词、形容词、副词及其想等语。
5）修饰语		—— 【修饰名词】；【修饰动词、形容词、副词】。

直述句：包含肯定句和否定句。
疑问句：包含
1）Yes/No 问句；
2）WH问句；
3）选择问句；
4）附加问句；
5）修辞问句；（带有反问语气的问句，不一定需要回答。）
6）间接问句；（对应直接问句：WH问句）

英文习惯，要问什么就放句首！

--重点：
疑问代名词：Who、What、Which	（下面3个句型可用）
疑问副词：When、How、Where	（下面2个句型可用，前两种）

1）疑问词 + beV + S？
2）疑问词 + 助动词 + S + VR？
3）疑问词 + 动词 ...？

单句：只有一个主部和述部。74～76
合句：由对等连接词连接的两对等子句。77～78
复句：由从属连接词所连接的主要子句及从属子句。79～81
复合句：用对等连接词将单句和复句，或复句和复句结合成句者。82～83

复合句虽然从结构上来看是最复杂的，但却是日常使用中最为常用的句子。