一段干净的代码,你在阅读、重用和重构的时候都能非常轻松。编写干净的代码非常重要,因为在我们日常的工作中,你不是仅仅是在为自己写代码。实际上,你还需要考虑一群需要理解、编辑和构建你的代码的同事。
变量的名称应该是可描述,有意义的, JavaScript
变量都应该采用驼峰式大小写 ( camelCase
) 命名。
// Don't ❌
const foo = "JDoe@example.com";
const bar = "John";
const age = 23;
const qux = true;
// Do ✅
const email = "John@example.com";
const firstName = "John";
const age = 23;
const isActive = true
布尔变量通常需要回答特定问题,例如:
isActive
didSubscribe
hasLinkedAccount
当对象或类已经包含了上下文的命名时,不要再向变量名称添加冗余的上下文。
// Don't ❌
const user = {
userId: "296e2589-7b33-400a-b762-007b730c8e6d",
userEmail: "JDoe@example.com",
userFirstName: "John",
userLastName: "Doe",
userAge: 23,
};
user.userId;
// Do ✅
const user = {
id: "296e2589-7b33-400a-b762-007b730c8e6d",
email: "JDoe@example.com",
firstName: "John",
lastName: "Doe",
age: 23,
};
user.id;
确保声明有意义且可搜索的常量,而不是直接插入一个常量值。全局常量可以采用 SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE
风格命名。
// Don't ❌
setTimeout(clearSessionData, 900000);
// Do ✅
const SESSION_DURATION_MS = 15 * 60 * 1000;
setTimeout(clearSessionData, SESSION_DURATION_MS);
函数名称需要描述函数的实际作用,即使很长也没关系。函数名称通常使用动词,但返回布尔值的函数可能是个例外 — 它可以采用 是或否
问题的形式,函数名也应该是驼峰式的。
// Don't ❌
function toggle() {
// ...
}
function agreed(user) {
// ...
}
// Do ✅
function toggleThemeSwitcher() {
// ...
}
function didAgreeToAllTerms(user) {
// ...
}
默认参数比 && ||
或在函数体内使用额外的条件语句更干净。
// Don't ❌
function printAllFilesInDirectory(dir) {
const directory = dir || "./";
// ...
}
// Do ✅
function printAllFilesInDirectory(dir = "./") {
// ...
}
尽管这条规则可能有争议,但函数最好是有3个以下参数。如果参数较多可能是以下两种情况之一:
// Don't ❌
function sendPushNotification(title, message, image, isSilent, delayMs) {
// ...
}
sendPushNotification("New Message", "...", "http://...", false, 1000);
// Do ✅
function sendPushNotification({ title, message, image, isSilent, delayMs }) {
// ...
}
const notificationConfig = {
title: "New Message",
message: "...",
image: "http://...",
isSilent: false,
delayMs: 1000,
};
sendPushNotification(notificationConfig);
一个函数应该一次做一件事,这有助于减少函数的大小和复杂性,使测试、调试和重构更容易。
/ Don't ❌
function pingUsers(users) {
users.forEach((user) => {
const userRecord = database.lookup(user);
if (!userRecord.isActive()) {
ping(user);
}
});
}
// Do ✅
function pingInactiveUsers(users) {
users.filter(!isUserActive).forEach(ping);
}
function isUserActive(user) {
const userRecord = database.lookup(user);
return userRecord.isActive();
}
函数含有布尔标志的参数意味这个函数是可以被简化的。
// Don't ❌
function createFile(name, isPublic) {
if (isPublic) {
fs.create(`./public/${name}`);
} else {
fs.create(name);
}
}
// Do ✅
function createFile(name) {
fs.create(name);
}
function createPublicFile(name) {
createFile(`./public/${name}`);
}
如果你写了重复的代码,每次有逻辑改变,你都需要改动多个位置。
// Don't ❌
function renderCarsList(cars) {
cars.forEach((car) => {
const price = car.getPrice();
const make = car.getMake();
const brand = car.getBrand();
const nbOfDoors = car.getNbOfDoors();
render({ price, make, brand, nbOfDoors });
});
}
function renderMotorcyclesList(motorcycles) {
motorcycles.forEach((motorcycle) => {
const price = motorcycle.getPrice();
const make = motorcycle.getMake();
const brand = motorcycle.getBrand();
const seatHeight = motorcycle.getSeatHeight();
render({ price, make, brand, nbOfDoors });
});
}
// Do ✅
function renderVehiclesList(vehicles) {
vehicles.forEach((vehicle) => {
const price = vehicle.getPrice();
const make = vehicle.getMake();
const brand = vehicle.getBrand();
const data = { price, make, brand };
switch (vehicle.type) {
case "car":
data.nbOfDoors = vehicle.getNbOfDoors();
break;
case "motorcycle":
data.seatHeight = vehicle.getSeatHeight();
break;
}
render(data);
});
}
在 JavaScript
中,你应该更喜欢函数式模式而不是命令式模式。换句话说,大多数情况下我们都应该保持函数纯。副作用可能会修改共享状态和资源,从而导致一些奇怪的问题。所有的副作用都应该集中管理,例如你需要更改全局变量或修改文件,可以专门写一个 util 来做这件事。
// Don't ❌
let date = "21-8-2021";
function splitIntoDayMonthYear() {
date = date.split("-");
}
splitIntoDayMonthYear();
// Another function could be expecting date as a string
console.log(date); // ['21', '8', '2021'];
// Do ✅
function splitIntoDayMonthYear(date) {
return date.split("-");
}
const date = "21-8-2021";
const newDate = splitIntoDayMonthYear(date);
// Original vlaue is intact
console.log(date); // '21-8-2021';
console.log(newDate); // ['21', '8', '2021'];
另外,如果你将一个可变值传递给函数,你应该直接克隆一个新值返回,而不是直接改变该它。
// Don't ❌
function enrollStudentInCourse(course, student) {
course.push({ student, enrollmentDate: Date.now() });
}
// Do ✅
function enrollStudentInCourse(course, student) {
return [...course, { student, enrollmentDate: Date.now() }];
}
// Don't ❌
function isUserNotVerified(user) {
// ...
}
if (!isUserNotVerified(user)) {
// ...
}
// Do ✅
function isUserVerified(user) {
// ...
}
if (isUserVerified(user)) {
// ...
}
// Don't ❌
if (isActive === true) {
// ...
}
if (firstName !== "" && firstName !== null && firstName !== undefined) {
// ...
}
const isUserEligible = user.isVerified() && user.didSubscribe() ? true : false;
// Do ✅
if (isActive) {
// ...
}
if (!!firstName) {
// ...
}
const isUserEligible = user.isVerified() && user.didSubscribe();
尽早 return
会使你的代码线性化、更具可读性且不那么复杂。
// Don't ❌
function addUserService(db, user) {
if (!db) {
if (!db.isConnected()) {
if (!user) {
return db.insert("users", user);
} else {
throw new Error("No user");
}
} else {
throw new Error("No database connection");
}
} else {
throw new Error("No database");
}
}
// Do ✅
function addUserService(db, user) {
if (!db) throw new Error("No database");
if (!db.isConnected()) throw new Error("No database connection");
if (!user) throw new Error("No user");
return db.insert("users", user);
}
既能减少复杂度又能提升性能。
// Don't ❌
const getColorByStatus = (status) => {
switch (status) {
case "success":
return "green";
case "failure":
return "red";
case "warning":
return "yellow";
case "loading":
default:
return "blue";
}
};
// Do ✅
const statusColors = {
success: "green",
failure: "red",
warning: "yellow",
loading: "blue",
};
const getColorByStatus = (status) => statusColors[status] || "blue";
const user = {
email: "JDoe@example.com",
billing: {
iban: "...",
swift: "...",
address: {
street: "Some Street Name",
state: "CA",
},
},
};
// Don't ❌
const email = (user && user.email) || "N/A";
const street =
(user &&
user.billing &&
user.billing.address &&
user.billing.address.street) ||
"N/A";
const state =
(user &&
user.billing &&
user.billing.address &&
user.billing.address.state) ||
"N/A";
// Do ✅
const email = user?.email ?? "N/A";
const street = user?.billing?.address?.street ?? "N/A";
const street = user?.billing?.address?.state ?? "N/A";
回调很混乱,会导致代码嵌套过深,使用 Promise
替代回调。
// Don't ❌
getUser(function (err, user) {
getProfile(user, function (err, profile) {
getAccount(profile, function (err, account) {
getReports(account, function (err, reports) {
sendStatistics(reports, function (err) {
console.error(err);
});
});
});
});
});
// Do ✅
getUser()
.then(getProfile)
.then(getAccount)
.then(getReports)
.then(sendStatistics)
.catch((err) => console.error(err));
// or using Async/Await ✅✅
async function sendUserStatistics() {
try {
const user = await getUser();
const profile = await getProfile(user);
const account = await getAccount(profile);
const reports = await getReports(account);
return sendStatistics(reports);
} catch (e) {
console.error(err);
}
}
/ Don't ❌
try {
// Possible erronous code
} catch (e) {
console.log(e);
}
// Do ✅
try {
// Possible erronous code
} catch (e) {
// Follow the most applicable (or all):
// 1- More suitable than console.log
console.error(e);
// 2- Notify user if applicable
alertUserOfError(e);
// 3- Report to server
reportErrorToServer(e);
// 4- Use a custom error handler
throw new CustomError(e);
}
可读的代码使你免于过度注释,因此,你应该只注释复杂的逻辑。
// Don't ❌
function generateHash(str) {
// Hash variable
let hash = 0;
// Get the length of the string
let length = str.length;
// If the string is empty return
if (!length) {
return hash;
}
// Loop through every character in the string
for (let i = 0; i < length; i++) {
// Get character code.
const char = str.charCodeAt(i);
// Make the hash
hash = (hash << 5) - hash + char;
// Convert to 32-bit integer
hash &= hash;
}
}
// Do ✅
function generateHash(str) {
let hash = 0;
let length = str.length;
if (!length) {
return hash;
}
for (let i = 0; i < length; i++) {
const char = str.charCodeAt(i);
hash = (hash << 5) - hash + char;
hash = hash & hash; // Convert to 32bit integer
}
return hash;
}
在代码里不需要保留历史版本的注释,想查的话你直接用 git log
就可以搜到。。
// Don't ❌
/**
* 2021-7-21: Fixed corner case
* 2021-7-15: Improved performance
* 2021-7-10: Handled mutliple user types
*/
function generateCanonicalLink(user) {
// const session = getUserSession(user)
const session = user.getSession();
// ...
}
// Do ✅
function generateCanonicalLink(user) {
const session = user.getSession();
// ...
}
好了,去写出你漂亮的代码吧!🌈
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