在Linux下如何根据域名自签发各种SSL证书,这里我们以Apache、Tomcat、Nginx为例。
首先要有openssl工具,如果没有那么使用如下命令安装:
yum install -y openssl openssl-devel
具体修改如下
1 [root@docker02 ~]# vim /etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf
2 [ req ]
3 ………………
4 # 将如下配置的注释放开
5 req_extensions = v3_req # The extensions to add to a certificate request
6 ………………
7 [ v3_req ]
8
9 # Extensions to add to a certificate request
10
11 basicConstraints = CA:FALSE
12 keyUsage = nonRepudiation, digitalSignature, keyEncipherment
13 # 添加如下行
14 subjectAltName = @SubjectAlternativeName
15
16 # 同时增加如下信息
17 [SubjectAlternativeName]
18 DNS.1 = zhangbook.com
19 DNS.2 = *.zhangbook.com
说明:本次我们以 *.zhangbook.com
泛域名为例。
1 [root@docker02 ssl]# pwd
2 /root/software/ssl
3 [root@docker02 ssl]#
4 ## 创建CA私钥
5 [root@docker02 ssl]# openssl genrsa -out CA.key 2048
6 ## 制作CA公钥
7 [root@docker02 ssl]# openssl req -sha256 -new -x509 -days 36500 -key CA.key -out CA.crt -config /etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf
8 ………………
9 Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CN
10 State or Province Name (full name) []:BJ
11 Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:BeiJing
12 Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:BTC
13 Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:MOST
14 Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:Light Zhang # 这里就是证书上的:颁发者
15 Email Address []:ca@test.com
当然上述的公钥制作方式需要交互式输入信息,如果不想频繁输入,那么可以使用如下命令:
1 ## 免交互式制作CA公钥
2 openssl req -sha256 -new -x509 -days 36500 -key CA.key -out CA.crt -config /etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf -subj "/C=CN/ST=BJ/L=BeiJing/O=BTC/OU=MOST/CN=Light Zhang/emailAddress=ca@test.com"
subj内容详解:
1 C = Country Name (2 letter code)
2 ST = State or Province Name (full name)
3 L = Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]
4 O = Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]
5 OU = Organizational Unit Name (eg, section)
6 CN = Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname)
7 emailAddress = Email Address
此时的的文件有:
1 [root@docker02 ssl]# ll
2 total 32
3 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1387 Oct 2 10:25 CA.crt
4 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1679 Oct 2 10:04 CA.key
操作步骤为:
具体如下:
1 ### 当前目录 /root/software/ssl
2 # 生成 zhangbook.com.key 密钥
3 openssl genrsa -out zhangbook.com.key 2048
4 # 生成 zhangbook.com.csr 证书签发请求 交互式
5 openssl req -new -sha256 -key zhangbook.com.key -out zhangbook.com.csr -config /etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf
6 ………………
7 ##### 产生的交互式内容与填写如下
8 Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CN
9 State or Province Name (full name) []:BJ
10 Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:BeiJing
11 Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:BTC
12 Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:MOST
13 Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:*.zhangbook.com # 这里就是证书上的:颁发给
14 Email Address []:ca@test.com
15
16 Please enter the following 'extra' attributes
17 to be sent with your certificate request
18 A challenge password []:123456
19 An optional company name []:BTC
20 ………………
21 # 生成 zhangbook.com.csr 证书签发请求 非交互式
22 openssl req -new -sha256 -key zhangbook.com.key -out zhangbook.com.csr -config /etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf -subj "/C=CN/ST=BJ/L=BeiJing/O=BTC/OU=MOST/CN=*.zhangbook.com/emailAddress=ca@test.com"
PS1:上面的Common Name 就是在这步填写 *.zhangbook.com
,表示的就是该证书支持泛域名,common name一定要在SubjectAlternativeName中包含
PS2:进行CA签名获取证书时,需要注意国家、省、单位需要与CA证书相同,否则会报异常
查看签名请求文件信息
openssl req -in zhangbook.com.csr -text
使用自签署的CA,签署zhangbook.com.crt
openssl ca -in zhangbook.com.csr -md sha256 -days 36500 -out zhangbook.com.crt -cert CA.crt -keyfile CA.key -extensions v3_req -config /etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf
这里证书有效时间为100年。
PS1:即便是你前面是sha256的根证书和sha256的请求文件,如果这里不加 -md sha256
,那么默认是按照sha1进行签名的
PS2:在执行时,可能出现如下错误
异常问题1:
1 Using configuration from /etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf
2 /etc/pki/CA/index.txt: No such file or directory
3 unable to open '/etc/pki/CA/index.txt'
4 140652962035600:error:02001002:system library:fopen:No such file or directory:bss_file.c:402:fopen('/etc/pki/CA/index.txt','r')
5 140652962035600:error:20074002:BIO routines:FILE_CTRL:system lib:bss_file.c:404:
处理:这时我们创建该文件即可
touch /etc/pki/CA/index.txt
异常问题2:
然后我们继续使用 【自签署的CA,签署zhangbook.com.crt】;结果又出现新问题
1 Using configuration from /etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf
2 /etc/pki/CA/serial: No such file or directory
3 error while loading serial number
4 140087163742096:error:02001002:system library:fopen:No such file or directory:bss_file.c:402:fopen('/etc/pki/CA/serial','r')
5 140087163742096:error:20074002:BIO routines:FILE_CTRL:system lib:bss_file.c:404:
处理:使用如下命令即可。表示:用来跟踪最后一次颁发证书的序列号。
echo "01" > /etc/pki/CA/serial
之后我们再次执行 【自签署的CA,签署zhangbook.com.crt 】 就正常了。详情如下:
1 [root@docker02 ssl]# openssl ca -in zhangbook.com.csr -md sha256 -days 36500 -out zhangbook.com.crt -cert CA.crt -keyfile CA.key -extensions v3_req -config /etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf
2 Using configuration from /etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf
3 Check that the request matches the signature
4 Signature ok
5 Certificate Details:
6 Serial Number: 1 (0x1)
7 Validity
8 Not Before: Oct 2 03:42:39 2020 GMT
9 Not After : Sep 8 03:42:39 2120 GMT
10 Subject:
11 countryName = CN
12 stateOrProvinceName = BJ
13 organizationName = BTC
14 organizationalUnitName = MOST
15 commonName = *.zhangbook.com
16 emailAddress = ca@test.com
17 X509v3 extensions:
18 X509v3 Basic Constraints:
19 CA:FALSE
20 X509v3 Key Usage:
21 Digital Signature, Non Repudiation, Key Encipherment
22 X509v3 Subject Alternative Name:
23 DNS:zhangbook.com, DNS:*.zhangbook.com
24 Certificate is to be certified until Sep 8 03:42:39 2120 GMT (36500 days)
25 Sign the certificate? [y/n]:y <== 需要输入的
26
27
28 1 out of 1 certificate requests certified, commit? [y/n]y <== 需要输入的
29 Write out database with 1 new entries
30 Data Base Updated
说明:此时我们再看,/etc/pki/CA/index.txt
和 /etc/pki/CA/serial
文件信息。如下:
1 [root@docker02 ~]# cat /etc/pki/CA/index.txt
2 V 21200908034239Z 01 unknown /C=CN/ST=BJ/O=BTC/OU=MOST/CN=*.zhangbook.com/emailAddress=ca@test.com
3 [root@docker02 ~]#
4 [root@docker02 ~]# cat /etc/pki/CA/serial
5 02
由上可知:域名签署信息已经保存到index.txt文件;并且证书序列serial文件已经更新【从01变为了02】。
PS:
*.zhangbook.com
,且已经被记录,因此不能再次被签署。除非删除该记录。查看证书信息
openssl x509 -in zhangbook.com.crt -text
验证签发证书是否有效
1 [root@docker02 ssl]# openssl verify -CAfile CA.crt zhangbook.com.crt
2 zhangbook.com.crt: OK
此时的文件有:
1 [root@docker02 ssl]# ll
2 total 32
3 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1387 Oct 2 10:25 CA.crt
4 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1679 Oct 2 10:04 CA.key
5 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4364 Oct 2 11:42 zhangbook.com.crt
6 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1151 Oct 2 10:48 zhangbook.com.csr
7 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1679 Oct 2 10:44 zhangbook.com.key
此时我们已经完成自签发证书。
实际工作和生产环境中,可能需要各种各样的证书格式。下面我们将证书转换为常用的其他证书格式。
命令如下:
openssl x509 -in zhangbook.com.crt -out zhangbook.com.pem -outform PEM
利用生成的CA根证书和服务证书的crt 和 key 文件生成 p12 文件
openssl pkcs12 -export -in zhangbook.com.crt -inkey zhangbook.com.key -passin pass:CS2i1QkR -name *.zhangbook.com -chain -CAfile CA.crt -password pass:CS2i1QkR -caname *.zhangbook.com -out zhangbook.com.p12
PS:p12证书的password为CS2i1QkR
查看p12证书信息【keytool命令依赖于Java,因此需要先安装Java】
1 [root@docker02 ssl]# keytool -rfc -list -keystore zhangbook.com.p12 -storetype pkcs12
2 Enter keystore password: <== 输入:CS2i1QkR
3 Keystore type: PKCS12
4 Keystore provider: SunJSSE
5
6 Your keystore contains 1 entry
7 ………………
使用jdk keytool工具进而生成tomcat/jboss端使用的证书文件【需要安装 Java】。
具体如下:
1 [root@docker02 ssl]# keytool -importkeystore -srckeystore zhangbook.com.p12 -srcstoretype PKCS12 -deststoretype JKS -destkeystore zhangbook.com.jks
2 Importing keystore zhangbook.com.p12 to zhangbook.com.jks...
3 Enter destination keystore password: <== 输入 jks 证书的密码,如:CS2i1QkR
4 Re-enter new password: <== 重复输入 jks 证书的密码,如:CS2i1QkR
5 Enter source keystore password: <== 输入 p12 证书的密码,这里是:CS2i1QkR
6 Entry for alias *.zhangbook.com successfully imported.
7 Import command completed: 1 entries successfully imported, 0 entries failed or cancelled
8
9 Warning:
10 The JKS keystore uses a proprietary format. It is recommended to migrate to PKCS12 which is an industry standard format using "keytool -importkeystore -srckeystore zhangbook.com.jks -destkeystore zhangbook.com.jks -deststoretype pkcs12".
PS:p12证书和jks证书的密码相同,防止出现各种异常情况。
具体如下
keytool -export -alias *.zhangbook.com -keystore zhangbook.com.jks -storepass CS2i1QkR -file zhangbook.com.cer
-storepass CS2i1QkR
为jks证书密码
具体如下
keytool -import -alias *.zhangbook.com -keystore cacerts -file zhangbook.com.cer
1 [root@docker02 ssl]# pwd
2 /root/software/ssl
3 [root@docker02 ssl]#
4 [root@docker02 ssl]# ll
5 total 52
6 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1018 Oct 2 14:24 cacerts ## jdk 所使用的文件
7 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1387 Oct 2 10:25 CA.crt ## CA公钥
8 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1679 Oct 2 10:04 CA.key ## CA私钥
9 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 946 Oct 2 14:21 zhangbook.com.cer ## cer证书
10 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4364 Oct 2 11:42 zhangbook.com.crt ## zhangbook.com域名 CA签发公钥
11 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1151 Oct 2 10:48 zhangbook.com.csr ## zhangbook.com域名 证书签发请求
12 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3303 Oct 2 14:13 zhangbook.com.jks ## jks证书
13 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1679 Oct 2 10:44 zhangbook.com.key ## zhangbook.com域名 私钥
14 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3716 Oct 2 14:02 zhangbook.com.p12 ## p12格式证书
15 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1338 Oct 2 13:56 zhangbook.com.pem ## zhangbook.com域名 PEM文件
修改本地Windows的hosts文件,用于域名解析
1 文件位置:C:\WINDOWS\System32\drivers\etc\hosts 追加如下信息
2 # zhangbook.com
3 172.16.1.32 www.zhangbook.com blog.zhangbook.com auth.zhangbook.com
其中172.16.1.32为测试使用的Linux机器,后面会部署WEB服务。由于自签发的是泛域名证书,因此可以有多个二级域名。
后面访问的时候,既可以使用域名访问,也可以使用IP访问。【推荐】使用域名访问。
1、将Apache httpd用到的证书拷贝到指定目录
1 [root@docker02 ssl]# pwd
2 /root/software/ssl
3 [root@docker02 ssl]#
4 [root@docker02 ssl]# cp -a zhangbook.com.crt zhangbook.com.key zhangbook.com.pem /etc/pki/tls/certs
2、在Linux机器安装httpd服务并添加ssl插件
1 yum install -y httpd
2 yum install -y mod_ssl openssl # 执行后,会增加 /etc/httpd/conf.d/ssl.conf 文件
3、在httpd添加SSL配置
1 [root@docker02 conf.d]# pwd
2 /etc/httpd/conf.d
3 [root@docker02 conf.d]#
4 [root@docker02 conf.d]# vim ssl.conf
5 <VirtualHost _default_:443>
6 # General setup for the virtual host, inherited from global configuration
7 #DocumentRoot "/var/www/html"
8 ………………
9 # 修改如下3行
10 SSLCertificateFile /etc/pki/tls/certs/zhangbook.com.crt
11 SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/pki/tls/certs/zhangbook.com.key
12 # 如下行可以注释掉,也可以取消注释
13 #SSLCertificateChainFile /etc/pki/tls/certs/zhangbook.com.pem
14 ………………
15 </VirtualHost>
4、向VirtualHost的默认目录添加文件
echo "Apache web" > /var/www/html/index.html
5、启动httpd服务
systemctl start httpd
6、浏览器访问
1 https://172.16.1.32/
2 https://www.zhangbook.com/
3 https://blog.zhangbook.com
4 https://auth.zhangbook.com
7、验证完毕,停止httpd服务
systemctl stop httpd
1、在Linux机器安装nginx服务
yum install -y nginx
通过 nginx -V
可见,--with-http_ssl_module
已安装。
2、将nginx用到的证书拷贝到指定目录
1 [root@docker02 ssl]# pwd
2 /root/software/ssl
3 [root@docker02 ssl]#
4 [root@docker02 ssl]# cp -a zhangbook.com.key zhangbook.com.crt /etc/nginx/cert
3、在nginx添加SSL配置
1 [root@docker02 nginx]# pwd
2 /etc/nginx
3 [root@docker02 nginx]#
4 [root@docker02 nginx]# vim nginx.conf
5 ………………
6 server {
7 listen 80;
8 listen [::]:80;
9 server_name www.zhangbook.com blog.zhangbook.com auth.zhangbook.com;
10 return 301 https://$server_name$request_uri;
11 }
12
13 # Settings for a TLS enabled server.
14 server {
15 listen 443 ssl http2 default_server;
16 listen [::]:443 ssl http2 default_server;
17 server_name www.zhangbook.com blog.zhangbook.com auth.zhangbook.com;
18 root /usr/share/nginx/html;
19
20 ssl_certificate "/etc/nginx/cert/zhangbook.com.crt";
21 ssl_certificate_key "/etc/nginx/cert/zhangbook.com.key";
22 ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:1m;
23 ssl_session_timeout 10m;
24 ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
25 ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
26
27 # Load configuration files for the default server block.
28 include /etc/nginx/default.d/*.conf;
29
30 location / {
31 index index.html index.htm;
32 }
33 }
34 ………………
4、向WEB站点添加html文件
echo "Nginx web" > /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
5、启动nginx服务
systemctl start nginx.service
6、浏览器访问
1 https://www.zhangbook.com/
2 https://blog.zhangbook.com
3 https://auth.zhangbook.com
7、验证完毕,停止nginx服务
systemctl stop nginx
1、下载Tomcat。
1 [root@docker02 App]# pwd
2 /root/App
3 [root@docker02 App]#
4 [root@docker02 App]# wget https://mirrors.bfsu.edu.cn/apache/tomcat/tomcat-8/v8.5.58/bin/apache-tomcat-8.5.58.tar.gz
5 [root@docker02 App]#
6 [root@docker02 App]# tar xf apache-tomcat-8.5.58.tar.gz
7 ### 查看Java版本信息
8 [root@docker02 App]# java -version
9 java version "1.8.0_231"
10 Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_231-b11)
11 Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.231-b11, mixed mode)
12 ### 查看Tomcat版本信息
13 [root@docker02 bin]# pwd
14 /root/App/apache-tomcat-8.5.58/bin
15 [root@docker02 bin]#
16 [root@docker02 bin]# ./version.sh
17 ………………
2、将Tomcat用到的证书拷贝到指定目录
1 [root@docker02 ssl]# pwd
2 /root/software/ssl
3 [root@docker02 ssl]#
4 [root@docker02 ssl]# cp -a zhangbook.com.jks /root/App/apache-tomcat-8.5.58/conf/cert/
3、在Tomcat添加SSL配置
1 [root@docker02 conf]# pwd
2 /root/App/apache-tomcat-8.5.58/conf
3 [root@docker02 conf]#
4 [root@docker02 conf]# vim server.xml
5 ………………
6 <Connector port="80" protocol="HTTP/1.1"
7 connectionTimeout="20000"
8 redirectPort="443" />
9 ………………
10 ### 其中Connector标签中的子标签 SSLHostConfig 已去掉
11 <Connector port="443" protocol="org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11NioProtocol"
12 maxThreads="600" SSLEnabled="true" clientAuth="false" keystoreFile="/root/App/apache-tomcat-8.5.58/conf/cert/zhangbook.com.jks"
13 keystorePass="CS2i1QkR" keystoreType="JKS" scheme="https" secure="true"
14 sslProtocol="TLS" compression="on" acceptorThreadCount="2" connectionTimeout="20000">
15 </Connector>
16 ………………
4、向WEB站点添加html文件
1 [root@docker02 ROOT]# pwd
2 /root/App/apache-tomcat-8.5.58/webapps/ROOT
3 [root@docker02 ROOT]#
4 [root@docker02 ROOT]# echo 'Tomcat web' > index.html
PS:原ROOT目录下的文件已移走。
5、启动Tomcat服务
1 [root@docker02 bin]# pwd
2 /root/App/apache-tomcat-8.5.58/bin
3 [root@docker02 bin]#
4 [root@docker02 bin]# sh startup.sh
6、浏览器访问
1 https://172.16.1.32/
2 https://www.zhangbook.com/
3 https://blog.zhangbook.com
4 https://auth.zhangbook.com
7、验证完毕,停止Tomcat服务
1 [root@docker02 bin]# pwd
2 /root/App/apache-tomcat-8.5.58/bin
3 [root@docker02 bin]#
4 [root@docker02 bin]# sh shutdown.sh