在常见的媒体播放器中,通常可以看到快进,快退,慢放等功能,这部分功能被称为“特技模式(Trick Mode)”,这些模式有个共同点:都通过修改播放的速率来达到相应的目的。 本文将介绍如何通过GStreamer去实现快进,快退,慢放以及单帧播放。
GStreamer Seek与Step事件
快进(Fast-Forward),快退(Fast-Rewind)和慢放(Slow-Motion)都是通过修改播放的速率来达到相应的目的。在GStreamer中,将1倍速作为正常的播放速率,将大于1倍速的2倍,4倍,8倍等倍速称为快进,慢放则是播放速率的绝对值小于1倍速,当播放速率小于0时,则进行倒放。
在GStreamer中,我们通过seek与step事件来控制Element的播放速率及区域。Step事件允许跳过指定的区域并设置后续的播放速率(此速率必须大于0)。Seek事件允许跳转到播放文件中的的任何位置,并且播放速率可以大于0或小于0.
在播放时间控制中,我们使用gst_element_seek_simple 来快速的跳转到指定的位置,此函数是对seek事件的封装。实际使用时,我们首先需要构造一个seek event,设置seek的绝对起始位置和停止位置,停止位置可以设置为0,这样会执行seek的播放速率直到结束。同时可以支持按buffer的方式进行seek,以及设置不同的标志指定seek的行为。
Step事件相较于Seek事件需要更少的参数,更易用于修改播放速率,但是不够灵活。Step事件只会作用于最终的sink,Seek事件则可以作用于Pipeline中所有的Element。Step操作的效率高于Seek。
在GStreamer中,单帧播放(Frame Stepping)与快进相同,也是通过事件实现。单帧播放通常在暂停的状态下,构造并发送step event每次播放一帧。
需要注意的是,seek event需要直接作用于sink element(eg: audio sink或video sink),如果直接将seek event作用于Pipeline,Pipeline会自动将事件转发给所有的sink,如果有多个sink,就会造成多次seek。通常是先获取Pipeline中的video-sink或audio-sink,然后发送seek event到指定的sink,完成seek的操作。 Seek时间的构造及发送示例如下:
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GstEvent *event;
gboolean result;
...
// construct a seek event to play the media from second 2 to 5, flush
// the pipeline to decrease latency.
event = gst_event_new_seek (1.0,
GST_FORMAT_TIME,
GST_SEEK_FLAG_FLUSH,
GST_SEEK_TYPE_SET, 2 * GST_SECOND,
GST_SEEK_TYPE_SET, 5 * GST_SECOND);
...
result = gst_element_send_event (video_sink, event);
if (!result)
g_warning ("seek failed");
...
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示例代码
下面通过一个完整的示例,来查看GStreamer是如何通过seek和step达到相应的播放速度。
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#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <gst/gst.h>
typedef struct _CustomData
{
GstElement *pipeline;
GstElement *video_sink;
GMainLoop *loop;
gboolean playing; /* Playing or Paused */
gdouble rate; /* Current playback rate (can be negative) */
} CustomData;
/* Send seek event to change rate */
static void
send_seek_event (CustomData * data)
{
gint64 position;
GstEvent *seek_event;
/* Obtain the current position, needed for the seek event */
if (!gst_element_query_position (data->pipeline, GST_FORMAT_TIME, &position)) {
g_printerr ("Unable to retrieve current position.\n");
return;
}
/* Create the seek event */
if (data->rate > 0) {
seek_event =
gst_event_new_seek (data->rate, GST_FORMAT_TIME,
GST_SEEK_FLAG_FLUSH | GST_SEEK_FLAG_ACCURATE, GST_SEEK_TYPE_SET,
position, GST_SEEK_TYPE_END, 0);
} else {
seek_event =
gst_event_new_seek (data->rate, GST_FORMAT_TIME,
GST_SEEK_FLAG_FLUSH | GST_SEEK_FLAG_ACCURATE, GST_SEEK_TYPE_SET, 0,
GST_SEEK_TYPE_SET, position);
}
if (data->video_sink == NULL) {
/* If we have not done so, obtain the sink through which we will send the seek events */
g_object_get (data->pipeline, "video-sink", &data->video_sink, NULL);
}
/* Send the event */
gst_element_send_event (data->video_sink, seek_event);
g_print ("Current rate: %g\n", data->rate);
}
/* Process keyboard input */
static gboolean
handle_keyboard (GIOChannel * source, GIOCondition cond, CustomData * data)
{
gchar *str = NULL;
if (g_io_channel_read_line (source, &str, NULL, NULL,
NULL) != G_IO_STATUS_NORMAL) {
return TRUE;
}
switch (g_ascii_tolower (str[0])) {
case 'p':
data->playing = !data->playing;
gst_element_set_state (data->pipeline,
data->playing ? GST_STATE_PLAYING : GST_STATE_PAUSED);
g_print ("Setting state to %s\n", data->playing ? "PLAYING" : "PAUSE");
break;
case 's':
if (g_ascii_isupper (str[0])) {
data->rate *= 2.0;
} else {
data->rate /= 2.0;
}
send_seek_event (data);
break;
case 'd':
data->rate *= -1.0;
send_seek_event (data);
break;
case 'n':
if (data->video_sink == NULL) {
/* If we have not done so, obtain the sink through which we will send the step events */
g_object_get (data->pipeline, "video-sink", &data->video_sink, NULL);
}
gst_element_send_event (data->video_sink,
gst_event_new_step (GST_FORMAT_BUFFERS, 1, ABS (data->rate), TRUE,
FALSE));
g_print ("Stepping one frame\n");
break;
case 'q':
g_main_loop_quit (data->loop);
break;
default:
break;
}
g_free (str);
return TRUE;
}
int
main (int argc, char *argv[])
{
CustomData data;
GstStateChangeReturn ret;
GIOChannel *io_stdin;
/* Initialize GStreamer */
gst_init (&argc, &argv);
/* Initialize our data structure */
memset (&data, 0, sizeof (data));
/* Print usage map */
g_print ("USAGE: Choose one of the following options, then press enter:\n"
" 'P' to toggle between PAUSE and PLAY\n"
" 'S' to increase playback speed, 's' to decrease playback speed\n"
" 'D' to toggle www.51kunlunyule.com playback direction\n"
" 'N' to move to next frame (in the current direction, better in PAUSE)\n"
" 'Q' to quit\n");
/* Build the pipeline */
data.pipeline =
gst_parse_launch
("playbin uri=https://www.freedesktop.org/software/gstreamer-sdk/data/media/sintel_trailer-480p.webm",
NULL);
/* Add a keyboard watch so we get notified of www.kunlunyulegw.com keystrokes */
#ifdef G_OS_WIN32
io_stdin = g_io_channel_win32_new_fd (fileno (stdin));
#else
io_stdin = g_io_channel_unix_new (fileno (stdin));
#endif
g_io_add_watch (io_stdin, G_IO_IN, (GIOFunc) handle_keyboard, &data);
/* Start playing */
ret = gst_element_set_state (www.tongyayule.com data.pipeline, GST_STATE_PLAYING);
if (ret == GST_STATE_CHANGE_FAILURE) {
g_printerr ("Unable to set the pipeline to the playing state.\n");
gst_object_unref (data.pipeline);
return -1;
}
data.playing = TRUE;
data.rate = 1.0;
/* Create a GLib Main Loop and set it to run */
data.loop = g_main_loop_new (NULL, FALSE);
g_main_loop_run (data.loop);
/* Free resources *www.dongfangyuld.com/
g_main_loop_unref (data.loop);
g_io_channel_unref (io_stdin);
gst_element_set_state (data.pipeline, GST_STATE_NULL);
if (data.video_sink != NULL)
gst_object_unref (data.video_sink);
gst_object_unref (data.pipeline);
return 0;
}
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通过下面的命令编译即可得到可执行文件,在终端输入相应指令可修改播放速率。
gcc basic-tutorial-7.c -o basic-tutorial-7 `pkg-config --cflags --libs gstreamer-1.0`
源码分析
本例中,Pipeline的创建与其他示例相同,通过playbin播放文件,采用GLib的I/O接口来处理键盘输入。
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/* Process keyboard input */
static gboolean handle_keyboard (www.jintianxuesha.com GIOChannel *source, GIOCondition cond, CustomData *data) {
gchar *str = NULL;
if (g_io_channel_read_line (source, &str, NULL, NULL, NULL) != G_IO_STATUS_NORMAL) {
return TRUE;
}
switch (g_ascii_tolower (str[0])) {
case 'p':
data->playing = !data->playing;
gst_element_set_state (www.fengshen157.com data->pipeline, data->playing ? GST_STATE_PLAYING : GST_STATE_PAUSED);
g_print ("Setting state to %s\n", data->playing ? "PLAYING" : "PAUSE");
break;
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在终端输入P时,使用gst_element_set_state ()设置播放状态。
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case 's':
if (g_ascii_isupper (str[0])) {
data->rate *= 2.0;
} else {
data->rate /= 2.0;
}
send_seek_event (data);
break;
case 'd':
data->rate *= -1.0;
send_seek_event (data);
break;
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通过S和s增加和降低播放速度,d用于改变播放方向(倒放),这里在修改rate后,调用send_seek_event实现真正的处理。
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/* Send seek event to change rate */
static void send_seek_event (CustomData *data) {
gint64 position;
GstEvent *seek_event;
/* Obtain the current position, needed for the seek event */
if (!gst_element_query_position (data->pipeline, GST_FORMAT_TIME, &position)) {
g_printerr ("Unable to retrieve current position.\n");
return;
}
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这个函数会构造一个SeekEvent发送到Pipeline以调节速率。因为Seek Event会跳转到指定的位置,但我们在此例汇总只想改变速率,不跳转到其他位置,所以首先通过gst_element_query_position ()获取当前的播放位置。
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/* Create the seek event */
if (data->rate > 0) {
seek_event = gst_event_new_seek (data->rate, GST_FORMAT_TIME, GST_SEEK_FLAG_FLUSH | GST_SEEK_FLAG_ACCURATE,
GST_SEEK_TYPE_SET, position, GST_SEEK_TYPE_END, 0);
} else {
seek_event = gst_event_new_seek (data->rate, GST_FORMAT_TIME, GST_SEEK_FLAG_FLUSH | GST_SEEK_FLAG_ACCURATE,
GST_SEEK_TYPE_SET, 0, GST_SEEK_TYPE_SET, position);
}
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通过gst_event_new_seek()创建SeekEvent,设置新的rate,flag,起始位置,结束位置。需要注意的是,起始位置需要小于结束位置。
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if (data->video_sink == NULL) {
/* If we have not done so, obtain the sink through which we will send the seek events */
g_object_get (data->pipeline, "video-sink", &data->video_sink, NULL);
}
/* Send the event */
gst_element_send_event (data->video_sink, seek_event);
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正如上文提到的,为了避免Pipeline执行多次的seek,我们在此处获取video-sink,并向其发送SeekEvent。我们直到执行Seek时才获取video-sink是因为实际的sink有可能会根据不同的媒体类型,在PLAYING状态时才创建。
以上部分内容就是速率的修改,关于单帧播放的情况,实现方式更加简单:
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case 'n':
if (data->video_sink == NULL) {
/* If we have not done so, obtain the sink through which we will send the step events */
g_object_get (data->pipeline, "video-sink", &data->video_sink, NULL);
}
gst_element_send_event (data->video_sink,
gst_event_new_step (GST_FORMAT_BUFFERS, 1, ABS (data->rate), TRUE, FALSE));
g_print ("Stepping one frame\n");
break;
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我们通过gst_event_new_step()创建了StepEvent,并指定只跳转一帧,且不改变当前速率。单帧播放通常都是先暂停,然后再进行单帧播放。
以上就是通过GStreamer实现播放速率的控制,实际中,有些Element对倒放支持不是很好,不能达到理想的效果。
总结
通过本文我们掌握了:
如何通过gst_event_new_seek()构造SeekEvent,通过gst_element_send_event()发送到sink改变速率。
如何通过gst_event_new_step()实现单帧播放。
原创声明:本文系作者授权腾讯云开发者社区发表,未经许可,不得转载。
如有侵权,请联系 cloudcommunity@tencent.com 删除。
原创声明:本文系作者授权腾讯云开发者社区发表,未经许可,不得转载。
如有侵权,请联系 cloudcommunity@tencent.com 删除。