CentOS7安装维护nginx从入门到精通

yum install -y pcre-devel 
yum -y install gcc make gcc-c++ wget
yum -y install openssl openssl-devel 

wget http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.13.3.tar.gz
wget http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.13.7.tar.gz
# 如果没有安装wget# 下载已编译版本
$ yum install wget
# 解压压缩包
tar zxf nginx-1.13.3.tar.gz

cd nginx-1.11.5
./configure

....
Configuration summary
  + using system PCRE library
  + OpenSSL library is not used
  + using system zlib library

  nginx path prefix: "/usr/local/nginx"
  nginx binary file: "/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx"
  nginx modules path: "/usr/local/nginx/modules"
  nginx configuration prefix: "/usr/local/nginx/conf"
  nginx configuration file: "/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf"
  nginx pid file: "/usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid"
  nginx error log file: "/usr/local/nginx/logs/error.log"
  nginx http access log file: "/usr/local/nginx/logs/access.log"
  nginx http client request body temporary files: "client_body_temp"
  nginx http proxy temporary files: "proxy_temp"
  nginx http fastcgi temporary files: "fastcgi_temp"
  nginx http uwsgi temporary files: "uwsgi_temp"
  nginx http scgi temporary files: "scgi_temp"

make
make install

cd /usr/local/nginx/sbin/
./nginx -t
# nginx: the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
# nginx: configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf test is successful

vi ~/.bash_profile

PATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin:/usr/local/nginx/sbin/export PATH

[Unit]
Description=nginx
After=network.target remote-fs.target nss-lookup.target

[Service]

Type=forking
PIDFile=/var/run/nginx.pid
ExecStartPre=/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -t -c /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
ExecStart=/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -c /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
ExecReload=/bin/kill -s HUP $MAINPIDExecStop=/bin/kill -s QUIT $MAINPIDPrivateTmp=true

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

systemctl enable nginx.service
# 输出下面内容表示成功了

Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/nginx.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service.

vi /etc/rc.local
# 在 rc.local 文件中，添加下面这条命令
/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx start

chmod +x /etc/rc.d/rc.local

# 启动
/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
# 重启
/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload
# 关闭进程
/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s stop
# 平滑关闭nginx
/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s quit
# 查看nginx的安装状态，
/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -V 

service iptables stop

vi /etc/sysconfig/iptables

-A INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT

service iptables restart
# 命令进行查看目前nat
iptables -t nat -L

service iptables restart
# Redirecting to /bin/systemctl restart  iptables.service
# Failed to restart iptables.service: Unit iptables.service failed to load: No such file or directory.

# 传统命令
systemctl stop firewalld
systemctl mask firewalld

# 安装命令
yum install iptables-services
systemctl enable iptables 
service iptables restart

yum remove nginx

Nginx安装路径。如果没有指定，默认为 /usr/local/nginx。

worker_processes  1;
events {    
    worker_connections  1024;
}
http {
    include       mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;    
    #log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
    #                  '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
    #                  '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';

    #access_log  logs/access.log  main;

    sendfile        on;    
    #tcp_nopush     on;

    #keepalive_timeout  0;
    keepalive_timeout  65;    
    #gzip  on;
    server {        
        listen       80;        
        server_name  localhost;        
        location / {            
            root   html;            
            index  index.html index.htm;
        }        
        error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;        
        location = /50x.html {            
           root   html;
        }
    }    
    include  vhost/example.com.conf;    
    include  vhost/gitlab.com.conf;
}

server {    
    #侦听的80端口
    listen       80;    
    server_name  baidu.com app.baidu.com; # 这里指定域名
    index        index.html index.htm;    # 这里指定默认入口页面
    root /home/www/app.baidu.com;         # 这里指定目录
}

server {  
  listen       80;                                                        
  server_name  localhost;                                              
  client_max_body_size 1024M;  # 允许客户端请求的最大单文件字节数

  location / {    
    proxy_pass                         http://localhost:8080;    
    proxy_set_header Host              $host:$server_port;    
    proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For   $remote_addr; # HTTP的请求端真实的IP
    proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;      # 为了正确地识别实际用户发出的协议是 http 还是 https
  }
}

server {    
    #侦听的80端口
    listen       80;    
    server_name  git.example.cn;    
    location / {        
        proxy_pass   http://localhost:3000;        #以下是一些反向代理的配置可删除
        proxy_redirect             off;        #后端的Web服务器可以通过X-Forwarded-For获取用户真实IP
        proxy_set_header           Host $host;        
        client_max_body_size       10m; #允许客户端请求的最大单文件字节数
        client_body_buffer_size    128k; #缓冲区代理缓冲用户端请求的最大字节数
        proxy_connect_timeout      300; #nginx跟后端服务器连接超时时间(代理连接超时)
        proxy_send_timeout         300; #后端服务器数据回传时间(代理发送超时)
        proxy_read_timeout         300; #连接成功后，后端服务器响应时间(代理接收超时)
        proxy_buffer_size          4k; #设置代理服务器（nginx）保存用户头信息的缓冲区大小
        proxy_buffers              4 32k; #proxy_buffers缓冲区，网页平均在32k以下的话，这样设置
        proxy_busy_buffers_size    64k; #高负荷下缓冲大小（proxy_buffers*2）
    }
}

upstream gitlab {
    ip_hash;    # upstream的负载均衡，weight是权重，可以根据机器配置定义权重。weigth参数表示权值，权值越高被分配到的几率越大。
    server 192.168.122.11:8081 ;    
    server 127.0.0.1:82 weight=3;    
    server 127.0.0.1:83 weight=3 down;    
    server 127.0.0.1:84 weight=3; 
    max_fails=3  fail_timeout=20s;    
    server 127.0.0.1:85 weight=4;;    
    keepalive 32;
}
server {    
    #侦听的80端口
    listen       80;    
    server_name  git.example.cn;    
    location / {        
        proxy_pass   http://gitlab;    #在这里设置一个代理，和upstream的名字一样
        #以下是一些反向代理的配置可删除
        proxy_redirect             off;        #后端的Web服务器可以通过X-Forwarded-For获取用户真实IP
        proxy_set_header           Host $host;        
        proxy_set_header           X-Real-IP $remote_addr;        
        proxy_set_header           X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;        
        client_max_body_size       10m;  #允许客户端请求的最大单文件字节数
        client_body_buffer_size    128k; #缓冲区代理缓冲用户端请求的最大字节数
        proxy_connect_timeout      300;  #nginx跟后端服务器连接超时时间(代理连接超时)
        proxy_send_timeout         300;  #后端服务器数据回传时间(代理发送超时)
        proxy_read_timeout         300;  #连接成功后，后端服务器响应时间(代理接收超时)
        proxy_buffer_size          4k; #设置代理服务器（nginx）保存用户头信息的缓冲区大小
        proxy_buffers              4 32k;# 缓冲区，网页平均在32k以下的话，这样设置
        proxy_busy_buffers_size    64k; #高负荷下缓冲大小（proxy_buffers*2）
        proxy_temp_file_write_size 64k; #设定缓存文件夹大小，大于这个值，将从upstream服务器传
    }
}

upstream test {    
    server localhost:8080;    
    server localhost:8081;
}
server {    
    listen       81;    
    server_name  localhost;    
    client_max_body_size 1024M; 
    location / {        
        proxy_pass http://test;        
        proxy_set_header Host $host:$server_port;
    }
}

upstream test {    
    server localhost:8080;    
    server localhost:8081;
}

upstream test {    
    server localhost:8080 weight=9;    
    server localhost:8081 weight=1;
}

upstream test {    
    ip_hash;    
    server localhost:8080;    
    server localhost:8081;
}

upstream backend {
    fair;    
    server localhost:8080;    
    server localhost:8081;
}

upstream backend {    
    hash $request_uri;    
    hash_method crc32;    
    server localhost:8080;    
    server localhost:8081;
}

include blockip.conf;

deny 165.91.122.67;
deny IP;   # 屏蔽单个ip访问
allow IP;  # 允许单个ip访问
deny all;  # 屏蔽所有ip访问
allow all; # 允许所有ip访问
deny 123.0.0.0/8   # 屏蔽整个段即从123.0.0.1到123.255.255.254访问的命令
deny 124.45.0.0/16 # 屏蔽IP段即从123.45.0.1到123.45.255.254访问的命令
deny 123.45.6.0/24 # 屏蔽IP段即从123.45.6.1到123.45.6.254访问的命令
# 如果你想实现这样的应用，除了几个IP外，其他全部拒绝
allow 1.1.1.1; 
allow 1.1.1.2;deny all; 

./configure --prefix=/你的安装目录  --add-module=/第三方模块目录

server {    
    server_name old-site.com
    return 301 $scheme://new-site.com$request_uri;
}

server {    
    location = /oldpage.html {        
        return 301 http://example.org/newpage.html;
    }
}

location /old-site {    
    rewrite ^/old-site/(.*) http://example.org/new-site/$1 permanent;
}

location /static {    
    root /data;    
    expires max;
}

location = /empty.gif {    
    empty_gif;    
    expires -1;
}

gzip  on;
gzip_buffers 16 8k;
gzip_comp_level 6;
gzip_http_version 1.1;
gzip_min_length 256;
gzip_proxied any;
gzip_vary on;
gzip_types
    text/xml application/xml application/atom+xml application/rss+xml application/xhtml+xml image/svg+xml
    text/javascript application/javascript application/x-javascript
    text/x-json application/json application/x-web-app-manifest+json
    text/css text/plain text/x-component
    font/opentype application/x-font-ttf application/vnd.ms-fontobject
    image/x-icon;
gzip_disable  "msie6";

open_file_cache max=1000 inactive=20s;
open_file_cache_valid 30s;
open_file_cache_min_uses 2;
open_file_cache_errors on;

ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:10m;
ssl_session_timeout 10m;

upstream backend {    
    server 127.0.0.1:8080;    
    keepalive 32;
}
server {
    ...    
    location /api/ {        
        proxy_pass http://backend;        
        proxy_http_version 1.1;        
        proxy_set_header Connection "";
    }
}

# 安装 ngxtop
pip install ngxtop
# 实时状态ngxtop
# 状态为404的前10个请求的路径：

ngxtop top request_path --filter 'status == 404'
# 发送总字节数最多的前10个请求
ngxtop --order-by 'avg(bytes_sent) * count'
# 排名前十位的IP，例如，谁攻击你最多
ngxtop --group-by remote_addr
# 打印具有4xx或5xx状态的请求，以及status和http referer
ngxtop -i 'status >= 400' print request status http_referer
# 由200个请求路径响应发送的平均正文字节以'foo'开始：
ngxtop avg bytes_sent --filter 'status == 200 and request_path.startswith("foo")'
# 使用“common”日志格式从远程机器分析apache访问日志
ssh remote tail -f /var/log/apache2/access.log | ngxtop -f common

server {  
    listen 80;  
    server_name api.xxx.com;    
    add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin' '*';  
    add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Credentials' 'true';  
    add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Methods' 'GET,POST,HEAD';  
    location / {    
       proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:3000;    
       proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;    
       proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;    
       proxy_set_header Host  $http_host;    
  } 
}

upstream test {  
  server 127.0.0.1:8080;  
  server localhost:8081;
}
server {  
  listen 80;  
  server_name api.xxx.com;  
  location / { 
    root  html;                   #去请求../html文件夹里的文件
    index  index.html index.htm;  #首页响应地址
  }  
  # 用于拦截请求，匹配任何以 /api/开头的地址，
  # 匹配符合以后，停止往下搜索正则。
  location ^~/api/{ 
    # 代表重写拦截进来的请求，并且只能对域名后边的除去传递的参数外的字符串起作用，
    # 例如www.a.com/proxy/api/msg?meth=1&par=2重写，只对/proxy/api/msg重写。
    # rewrite后面的参数是一个简单的正则 ^/api/(.*)$，
    # $1代表正则中的第一个()，$2代表第二个()的值，以此类推。
    rewrite ^/api/(.*)$ /$1 break;    
    # 把请求代理到其他主机 
    # 其中 http://www.b.com/ 写法和 http://www.b.com写法的区别如下
    # 如果你的请求地址是他 http://server/html/test.jsp
    # 配置一： http://www.b.com/ 后面有“/” 
    #         将反向代理成 http://www.b.com/html/test.jsp 访问
    # 配置一： http://www.b.com 后面没有有“/” 
    #         将反向代理成 http://www.b.com/test.jsp 访问
    proxy_pass http://test;    # 如果 proxy_pass  URL 是 http://a.xx.com/platform/ 这种情况
    # proxy_cookie_path应该设置成 /platform/ / (注意两个斜杠之间有空格)。
    proxy_cookie_path /platfrom/ /;    # http://nginx.org/en/docs/http/ngx_http_proxy_module.html#proxy_pass_header
    # 设置 Cookie 头通过
    proxy_pass_header Set-Cookie;
  } 
}

server {    
  listen 80;    
  # 配置正常的带www的域名
  server_name www.wangchujiang.com;    
  root /home/www/wabg/download;    
  location / {        
    try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html =404;
  }
}
server {    
  # 这个要放到下面，
  # 将不带www的 wangchujiang.com 永久性重定向到  https://www.wangchujiang.com
  server_name wangchujiang.com;    
  rewrite ^(.*) https://www.wangchujiang.com$1 permanent;
}

upstream server-api{    
  # api 代理服务地址
  server 127.0.0.1:3110;    
}
upstream server-resource{    
  # 静态资源 代理服务地址
  server 127.0.0.1:3120;
}
server {    
  listen       3111;    
  server_name  localhost;      # 这里指定域名
  root /home/www/server-statics;    # 匹配 api 路由的反向代理到API服务
  location ^~/api/ {        
    rewrite ^/(.*)$ /$1 break;        
    proxy_pass http://server-api;
  }   
  # 假设这里验证码也在API服务中
  location ^~/captcha {        
    rewrite ^/(.*)$ /$1 break;        
    proxy_pass http://server-api;
  }    
  # 假设你的图片资源全部在另外一个服务上面
  location ^~/img/ {        
      rewrite ^/(.*)$ /$1 break;        
      proxy_pass http://server-resource;
  }    
  # 路由在前端，后端没有真实路由，在路由不存在的 404状态的页面返回 /index.html
  # 这个方式使用场景，你在写React或者Vue项目的时候，没有真实路由
    location / {        
        try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html =404;
        #                               ^ 空格很重要
    }
}

location ^~/api/upload {    
  rewrite ^/(.*)$ /wfs/v1/upload break;
  proxy_pass http://wfs-api;
}

sudo mkdir /etc/nginx/ssl
# 创建了有效期100年，加密强度为RSA2048的SSL密钥key和X509证书文件。

sudo openssl req -x509 -nodes -days 36500 -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout /etc/nginx/ssl/nginx.key -out /etc/nginx/ssl/nginx.crt
# 上面命令，会有下面需要填写内容Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:US
State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:New York
Locality Name (eg, city) []:New York City
Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:Bouncy Castles, Inc.
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:Ministry of Water Slides
Common Name (e.g. server FQDN or YOUR name) []:your_domain.com
Email Address []:admin@your_domain.com

首先，创建证书和私钥的目录
# mkdir -p /etc/nginx/cert# cd /etc/nginx/cert

创建服务器私钥，命令会让你输入一个口令：
# openssl genrsa -des3 -out nginx.key 2048

创建签名请求的证书（CSR）：
# openssl req -new -key nginx.key -out nginx.csr

在加载SSL支持的Nginx并使用上述私钥时除去必须的口令：
# cp nginx.key nginx.key.org

# openssl rsa -in nginx.key.org -out nginx.key

最后标记证书使用上述私钥和CSR：
# openssl x509 -req -days 365 -in nginx.csr -signkey nginx.key -out nginx.crt

sbin/nginx -V

nginx version: nginx/1.7.8
built by gcc 4.4.7 20120313 (Red Hat 4.4.7-4) (GCC)
TLS SNI support enabled
configure arguments: --prefix=/usr/local/nginx-1.7.8 --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_spdy_module --with-http_stub_status_module --with-pcre

./configure --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_ssl_module

# 备份nginx的二进制文件
cp -rf /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx　 /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx.bak
# 覆盖nginx的二进制文件
cp -rf objs/nginx   /usr/local/nginx/sbin/

server {    
  listen       443 ssl;    
  server_name  localhost;    
  ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/ssl/nginx.crt;    
  ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/ssl/nginx.key;    
  # 禁止在header中出现服务器版本，防止黑客利用版本漏洞攻击
  server_tokens off;   
  # 设置ssl/tls会话缓存的类型和大小。如果设置了这个参数一般是shared，buildin可能会参数内存碎片，默认是none，和off差不多，停用缓存。如shared:SSL:10m表示我所有的nginx工作进程共享ssl会话缓存，官网介绍说1M可以存放约4000个sessions。
  ssl_session_cache    shared:SSL:1m; 

  # 客户端可以重用会话缓存中ssl参数的过期时间，内网系统默认5分钟太短了，可以设成30m即30分钟甚至4h。    
  ssl_session_timeout  5m; 

  # 选择加密套件，不同的浏览器所支持的套件（和顺序）可能会不同。
  # 这里指定的是OpenSSL库能够识别的写法，你可以通过 openssl -v cipher 'RC4:HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5'（后面是你所指定的套件加密算法） 来看所支持算法。
  ssl_ciphers  HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;    
  # 设置协商加密算法时，优先使用我们服务端的加密套件，而不是客户端浏览器的加密套件。
  ssl_prefer_server_ciphers  on;    
  location / {        
    root   html;        
    index  index.html index.htm;
  }
}

server {    
  listen       80;    
  server_name  example.com;    
  rewrite ^ https://$http_host$request_uri? permanent;    
  # 强制将http重定向到https
  # 在错误页面和“服务器”响应头字段中启用或禁用发射nginx版本。 防止黑客利用版本漏洞攻击
  server_tokens off;
}

http {    
    server {        
      listen          80;        
      server_name     www.domain1.com;        
      access_log      logs/domain1.access.log main;
      location / {            
        index index.html;            
        root  /var/www/domain1.com/htdocs;
      }
    }    
    server {        
      listen          80;        
      server_name     www.domain2.com;        
      access_log      logs/domain2.access.log main;
      location / {            
        index index.html;            
        root  /var/www/domain2.com/htdocs;
      }
    }
}

http {  
    server {    
    listen          80 default;
    server_name     _ *;
    access_log      logs/default.access.log main;
    location / {       
        index index.html;
        root  /var/www/default/htdocs;
    }
  }
}

location ~* \.(gif|jpg|png|swf|flv)$ {
    root html
    valid_referers none blocked *.nginxcn.com;
    if ($invalid_referer) {
      rewrite ^/ www.nginx.cn       
      # return 404;
    }
}

location /img/ {    
    alias /var/www/image/;
}
# 访问/img/目录里面的文件时，ningx会自动去/var/www/image/目录找文件

location /img/ {    
    root /var/www/image;
}
# 访问/img/目录下的文件时，nginx会去/var/www/image/img/目录下找文件。]

location ~ \/public\/(css|js|img)\/.*\.(js|css|gif|jpg|jpeg|png|bmp|swf) {
    valid_referers none blocked *.jslite.io;    
    if ($invalid_referer) {        
        rewrite ^/  http://wangchujiang.com/piratesp.png;
    }
}

location ~ (.git|.gitattributes|.gitignore|.svn) {
    deny all;
}

http://wangchujiang.com/api/index.php?a=1&name=wcj
                                  ^ 有后缀

http://wangchujiang.com/api/index?a=1&name=wcj
                                 ^ 没有后缀

rewrite ^/(.*)/$ /index.php?/$1 permanent;
if (!-d $request_filename){
    set $rule_1 1$rule_1;
}
if (!-f $request_filename){
    set $rule_1 2$rule_1;
}
if ($rule_1 = "21"){ 
    rewrite ^/ /index.php last;
}

The plain HTTP request was sent to HTTPS port

server {    
    listen 443 ssl; # 注意这条规则
    server_name  my.domain.com;    
    fastcgi_param HTTPS $https if_not_empty; 
    fastcgi_param HTTPS on;    
    ssl_certificate /etc/ssl/certs/your.pem;
    ssl_certificate_key /etc/ssl/private/your.key;
    location / {
        # Your config here...
    }
}