css position是个很重要的知识点:
知乎Header部分:
知乎Header-inner部分:
position属性值:
fixed:生成绝对定位的元素,相对浏览器窗口进行定位(位置可通过:left,right,top,bottom改变);与文档流无关,不占据空间(可能与其它元素重叠)
relative:生成相对定位的元素(相对于元素正常位置)(left,right,top,bottom);relative的元素经常用作absolute的元素的容器块;原先占据的空间依然保留
absolute:生成绝对定位的元素(相对第一个已定位的父元素进行定位;若没有则相对<html>)(left,right,top,bottom);与文档流无关,不占据空间(可能与其它元素重叠)
static:默认值。没有定位,元素出现在正常的文件流中(left,right,top,bottom,z-index无效!)
inherit:继承从父元素的position值
fixed示例:
1 <!DOCTYPE html>
2 <html lang="en">
3 <head>
4 <meta charset="UTF-8">
5 <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
6 <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
7 <title>cascading style sheet</title>
8 <style>
9 #test{
10 width: 500px;
11 height: 100px;
12 position: fixed;
13 top: 0px;
14 left: 500px;
15 border: 1px solid burlywood;
16 background-color: #F2F2F2;
17 z-index: 2;
18 }
19 .test1{
20 margin-top: 100px;
21 }
22 .test1, .test2, .test3, .test4, .test5{
23 width: 200px;
24 height: 300px;
25 border: 1px solid black;
26 position: relative;
27 left: 500px;
28 background-color: gray;
29 }
30 </style>
31 </head>
32 <body>
33 <div id="test"></div>
34 <div class="test1">1</div>
35 <div class="test2">2</div>
36 <div class="test3">3</div>
37 <div class="test4">4</div>
38 <div class="test5">5</div>
39
40 </body>
41 </html>
#test部分始终固定在上方,不发生移动。
relative示例:(原先占据的空间依然保留!)
1 <!DOCTYPE html>
2 <html lang="en">
3 <head>
4 <meta charset="UTF-8">
5 <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
6 <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
7 <title>position:relative</title>
8 <style>
9 .test1, .test2, .test3{
10 width: 200px;
11 height: 200px;
12 border: 1px solid orange;
13 }
14 .test2{
15 border-color: black;
16 position: relative;
17 top:-100px;
18 left: 10px;
19 }
20 </style>
21 </head>
22 <body>
23 <div class="test1">this is part 1</div>
24 <div class="test2">this is part 2</div>
25 <div class="test3">this is part 3</div>
26 </body>
27 </html>
运行结果:(箭头所指这部分区域空间依然保留!!!)
凡是可能发生重叠的position属性,均能使用z-index!
注意:当使用position或者float属性时,通常<body>要预设定义margin和padding。这样可以避免在不同的浏览器中出现差异! 如果省略<!DOCTYPE>声明,IE8及以下版本会在右侧增加17px的外边距!这似乎是为了滚动条预留的空间!所以,请始终设置<!DOCTYPE>声明!!!
布局之水平居中:
1.元素居中对齐(比如<div>):
使用margin:0 auto;(上下margin为0,左右自动分配(居中!))!注意:此方法元素需设置width属性(除了width:100%)
1 <!DOCTYPE html>
2 <html lang="en">
3 <head>
4 <meta charset="UTF-8">
5 <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
6 <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
7 <title>居中</title>
8 <style>
9 /* 预设置样式 */
10 body{
11 margin: 0;
12 padding: 0;
13 }
14 .test1{
15 border: 1px solid gold;
16 width: 150px;
17 height: 150px;
18 margin: 0 auto;
19 }
20 </style>
21 </head>
22 <body>
23 <div class="test1">this is test1</div>
24 </body>
25 </html>
2.图像居中对齐(先设置display:block;再margin:0 auto);
3.文本居中对齐(text-align:center;)
4.左右对齐:(①position:absolute;再设置left或right属性值②float:left;或者float:right)
布局之垂直居中:
方法一:line-height:
1 <!DOCTYPE html>
2 <html lang="en">
3 <head>
4 <meta charset="UTF-8">
5 <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
6 <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
7 <title>居中</title>
8 <style>
9 /* 预设置样式 */
10 body{
11 margin: 0;
12 padding: 0;
13 }
14 .test1{
15 border: 1px solid gold;
16 width: 150px;
17 height: 150px;
18 line-height: 150px;
19 }
20 </style>
21 </head>
22 <body>
23 <div class="test1">this is test1</div>
24 </body>
25 </html>
这个方法有一个缺陷,适用于:“只有一行话”。原理:就是块元素(div)高度有多高,(行高)line-height就有多高!
不止一行话:
方法二:使用padding:
这种方法不会有上面line-height的“缺陷”,原理:好像就是"撑开"来一样!(个人比较推荐!)
1 <!DOCTYPE html>
2 <html lang="en">
3 <head>
4 <meta charset="UTF-8">
5 <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
6 <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
7 <title>居中</title>
8 <style>
9 /* 预设置样式 */
10 body{
11 margin: 0;
12 padding: 0;
13 }
14 .test1{
15 border: 1px solid gold;
16 width: 200px;
17 padding: 100px 0px;
18 text-align: center;
19 }
20 </style>
21 </head>
22 <body>
23 <div class="test1">this is test1 this is test1 this is test1 this is test1 this is test1 </div>
24 </body>
25 </html>
方法三:使用display:flex;align-items:center;
1 <!DOCTYPE html>
2 <html lang="en">
3 <head>
4 <meta charset="UTF-8">
5 <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
6 <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
7 <title>居中</title>
8 <style>
9 /* 预设置样式 */
10 body{
11 margin: 0;
12 padding: 0;
13 }
14 .test1{
15 border: 1px solid gold;
16 width: 200px;
17 height: 200px;
18 display: flex;
19 align-items: center;
20 text-align: center;
21 margin: 0 auto;
22 }
23 </style>
24 </head>
25 <body>
26 <div class="test1">this is test1 this is test1 this is test1 this is test1 this is test1 </div>
27 </body>
28 </html>
方法四:使用position和transform
1 <!DOCTYPE html>
2 <html lang="en">
3 <head>
4 <meta charset="UTF-8">
5 <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
6 <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
7 <title>居中</title>
8 <style>
9 /* 预设置样式 */
10 body{
11 margin: 0;
12 padding: 0;
13 }
14 .test1{
15 border: 1px solid gold;
16 width: 200px;
17 height: 200px;
18 position: relative;
19 }
20 .test1 p{
21 position: absolute;
22 left: 50%;
23 top: 50%;
24 transform: translate(-50%,-50%);
25 -webkit-transform: translate(-50%,-50%);
26 -ms-transform: translate(-50%,-50%);
27 }
28 </style>
29 </head>
30 <body>
31 <div class="test1"> <p>this is test1</p> </div>
32 </body>
33 </html>